Introduction to SAT II Physics - FreeExamPapers

problems far more frequently than speed.
A common example of speed is the number given by the speedometer in a car. A speedometer tells
us the car’s speed, not its velocity, because it gives only a number and not a direction. Speed is a
measure of the distance an object travels in a given length of time:
Velocity is a vector quantity defined as rate of change of the displacement vector over time:
average velocity =
It is important to remember that the average speed and the magnitude of the average velocity may
not be equivalent.
Instantaneous Speed and Velocity
The two equations given above for speed and velocity discuss only the average speed and average
velocity over a given time interval. Most often, as with a car’s speedometer, we are not interested
in an average speed or velocity, but in the instantaneous velocity or speed at a given moment.
That is, we don’t want to know how many meters an object covered in the past ten seconds; we
want to know how fast that object is moving right now. Instantaneous velocity is not a tricky
concept: we simply take the equation above and assume that
is very, very small.
Most problems on SAT II Physics ask about an object’s instantaneous velocity rather than its
average velocity or speed over a given time frame. Unless a question specifically asks you about
the average velocity or speed over a given time interval, you can safely assume that it is asking
about the instantaneous velocity at a given moment.
EXAMPLE
Which of the follow sentences contains an example of instantaneous velocity?
(A) “The car covered 500 kilometers in the first 10 hours of its northward journey.”
(B) “Five seconds into the launch, the rocket was shooting upward at 5000 meters per second.”
(C) “The cheetah can run at 70 miles per hour.”
(D) “Moving at five kilometers per hour, it will take us eight hours to get to the base camp.”
(E) “Roger Bannister was the first person to run one mile in less than four minutes.”
Instantaneous velocity has a magnitude and a direction, and deals with the velocity at a particular
instant in time. All three of these requirements are met only in B. A is an example of average
velocity, C is an example of instantaneous speed, and both D and E are examples of average
speed.
Acceleration
Speed and velocity only deal with movement at a constant rate. When we speed up, slow down, or
change direction, we want to know our acceleration. Acceleration is a vector quantity that
measures the rate of change of the velocity vector with time:
average acceleration =
Applying the Concepts of Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration
With these three definitions under our belt, let’s apply them to a little story of a zealous high
36