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ut not in inelastic collisions. In a perfectly inelastic collision, the colliding objects stick together after they collide. Completely inelastic collision A collision in which the colliding particles stick together. Component Any vector can be expressed as the sum of two mutually perpendicular component vectors. Usually, but not always, these components are multiples of the basis vectors, and ; that is, vectors along the x-axis and y-axis. We define these two vectors as the x- and y-components of the vector. Compression An area of high air pressure that acts as the wave crest for sound waves. The spacing between successive compressions is the wavelength of sound, and the number of successive areas of compression that arrive at the ear per second is the frequency, or pitch, of the sound. Concave lens Also called a diverging lens, a lens that is thinner in the middle than at the edges. Concave lenses refract light away from a focal point. Concave mirror A mirror that is curved such that its center is farther from the viewer than the edges, such as the front of a spoon. Concave mirrors reflect light through a focal point. Conduction Heat transfer by molecular collisions. Conservation of Angular Momentum If the net torque acting on a rigid body is zero, then the angular momentum of the body is constant or conserved. Conservation of momentum The principle stating that for any isolated system, linear momentum is constant with time. Constant of proportionality A constant in the numerator of a formula. Constructive interference The amplification of one wave by another, identical wave of the same sign. Two constructively interfering waves are said to be “in phase.” Convection Heat transfer via the mass movement of molecules. Convex lens Also called a converging lens, a lens that is thicker in the middle than at the edges. Convex lenses refract light through a focal point. Convex mirror A mirror that is curved such that its center is closer to the viewer than the edges, such as a doorknob. Convex mirrors reflect light away from a focal point. Cosine The cosine of an angle in a right triangle is equal to the length of the side adjacent to the angle divided by the length of the hypotenuse. Crest 352
The points of maximum displacement along a wave. In traveling waves, the crests move in the direction of propagation of the wave. The crests of standing waves, also called anti-nodes, remain in one place. Critical angle For two given media, the smallest angle of incidence at which total internal reflection occurs. Cross product A form of vector multiplication, where two vectors are multiplied to produce a third vector. The cross product of two vectors, A and B, separated by an angle, , is , where is a unit vector perpendicular to both A and B. To deine which direction points, you Cycle must use the right-hand rule. In oscillation, a cycle occurs when an object undergoing oscillatory motion completes a “roundtrip.” For instance, a pendulum bob released at angle has completed one cycle when it swings to and then back to again. In period motion, a cycle is the sequence through which a system once during each oscil-lation. A cycle can consist of one trip up and down for a piece of stretched string, or of a compression followed by a rarefaction of air pressure for sound waves. D De Broglie wavelength Decay constant Decibel Deposition A wavelength, given by = h/mv, which is associated with matter. Louis de Broglie proposed the idea that matter could be treated as waves in 1923 and applied this theory successfully to small particles like electrons. A constant, , not to be confused with wavelength, that defines the speed at which a radioactive element undergoes decay. The greater is, the faster the element decays. A logorithmic unit for measuring the volume of sound, which is the square of the amplitude of sound waves. The process by which a gas turns directly into a solid because it cannot exist as a liquid at certain pressures. Destructive interference Diffraction The cancellation of one wave by another wave that is exactly out of phase with the first. Despite the dramatic name of this phenomenon, nothing is “destroyed” by this interference—the two waves emerge intact once they have passed each other. The bending of light at the corners of objects or as it passes through narrow slits or apertures. Diffraction grating Direction A sheet, film, or screen with a pattern of equally spaced slits. Typically the width of the slits and space between them is chosen to generate a particular diffraction pattern. The property of a vector that distinguishes it from a scalar: while scalars have only a magnitude, vectors have both a magnitude and a direction. When graphing vectors in the xy- 353
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SATII PHYSICS (FROM SPARKNOTES.COM)
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The Good • Because SAT II Subject
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Which SAT II Subject Tests to Take
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After grumbling, however, you still
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Waves 15-19% 11-15 Waves 10% 7-8 Op
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negative, so E, and not A, is the c
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including them anyway because it’
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Two positively charged particles, o
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will a visual representation reliev
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Physics Hint 6: Be Flexible Knowing
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There are a number of ways to label
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Adding Parallel Vectors If the vect
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The result of multiplying A by c is
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neither parallel nor perpendicular.
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Suppose the hands on a clock are ve
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Vector Addition Practice Questions
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2. A The vector 2A has a magnitude
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path, Alan has traveled a much grea
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school student called Andrea. Andre
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centimeters to the left of its star
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We can learn two things about the a
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Acceleration vs. Time Graphs After
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The variable represents the object
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Note that there are certain conveni
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1. . An athlete runs four laps of a
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10. . A woman runs 40 m to the nort
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We know the total distance the spri
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Principles of Natural Philosophy. I
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The component form of Newton’s Se
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e in the direction. And since the s
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which reflects its resistance to be
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In the diagram above, the weight an
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A student pushes a box that weighs
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1. . Each of the figures below show
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7. . In the figure above, a person
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Since the block is motionless, the
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When we are told that a person push
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EXAMPLE A water balloon of mass m i
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The graph above plots the force exe
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Though energy is always measured in
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there is a negative amount of work
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smallest. The answer to question 3
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Mechanical Energy Average Power Ins
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to a height of 8 m over a time of 4
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8. C When the book reaches the pers
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determining what those right number
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the ground. The system is initially
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calculators, you almost certainly w
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and minimize M.” With such a ques
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2. WHAT IS THE ACCELERATION OF THE
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Adding these two equations together
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force of friction: . Using Newton
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m, placed on a frictionless surface
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Frequency is given in units of cycl
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of the spring due to the gravitatio
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The oscillation of a pendulum is mu
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Velocity Calculating the velocity o
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Practice Questions 1. . Two masses,
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7. . An object of mass 3 kg is atta
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Since the system is in equilibrium,
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velocity, v. Linear momentum is den
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Conservation of Momentum If we comb
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As we might expect, the final veloc
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A pool player hits the eight ball,
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two-dimensional collision is effect
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For a System of Two Particles For a
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At the front end of the boat, the f
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4. . A scattering experiment is don
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1. B The athlete imparts a certain
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7. E Momentum is conserved in this
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The diver’s translational motion
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30 π/6 45 π/4 60 π/3 90 π/2 180
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elative position to one another. As
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acceleration given its angular velo
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To find the direction of a rigid bo
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A student exerts a force of 50 N on
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The torque that produces the angula
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The masses in the figure above are
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an object sliding down a frictionle
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Velocity Average Angular Accelerati
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3. . What is the direction of the a
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1. D An object that experiences 120
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At the top of the incline, the disk
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from a Latin word meaning “center
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Newton’s Law of Universal Gravita
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when you are beneath the surface of
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EXAMPLE A satellite of mass is laun
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Kepler’s Laws After poring over t
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Practice Questions Questions 1-3 re
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8. . A satellite orbits the Earth a
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Circumference and radius are relate
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learn how heat is transferred from
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heat, like rubber, have a high spec
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Just as specific heat tells us how
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Conduction is the transfer of heat
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Effectively, this equation tells us
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the way that it does. The Laws of T
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There are a number of equivalent fo
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If we know our formulas, this probl
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5. . An ideal gas is enclosed in a
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Asphalt, like most materials, has a
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The things we call atoms today are
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If they come up on SAT II Physics,
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will move in the opposite direction
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Work The work done to move a charge
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Much like gravitational potential e
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3. . A particle of charge +2q exert
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7. . A particle of charge +q is a d
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The vector sum of the three vectors
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Voltage The batteries we use in fla
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This equation tells us that we can
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If the two variables you know are a
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However, each resistor causes a vol
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So = 4 . WHAT IS THE CURRENT RUNNIN
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Consider again the circuit whose to
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This circuit consists of resistors
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The junction rule deals with “jun
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across the loop. We can express the
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capacitance is halved. The proporti
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The Greek letter is called the diel
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4. . Two resistors, and , are ident
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10. . A dielectric is inserted into
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The equivalent capacitance of two c
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The Earth itself acts like a huge b
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Because the velocity vector and the
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A particle with a positive charge o
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The constant is called the permeabi
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1. . The pointer on a compass is th
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7. . A positively charged particle
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1. B To solve this problem, it is h
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If the particle is to move at a con
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flowing in the counterclockwise dir
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Next, let’s calculate the flux th
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Remember that field lines come out
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Magnetic Flux Faraday’s Law / Len
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5. . A wire carrying 5.0 V is appli
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In this equation, A is the amplitud
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Ernst attaches a stretched string t
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A string is tied to a pole at one e
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other. The principle of superpositi
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Nodes The crests and troughs of a s
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The Doppler Effect So far we have o
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Practice Questions 1. . Which of th
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6. . Two pulses travel along a stri
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1. B Simple harmonic motion is defi
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where and are the frequency heard b
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A higher frequency—and thus a sho
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The phenomenon of refraction result
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Since we know that the ratio of / i
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The four basic kinds of optical ins
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Page 303 and 304: Because is a positive number, we kn
Page 305 and 306: As the diagram shows us, and as the
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Page 311 and 312: One of the more common ways of test
Page 313 and 314: 3. . When the orange light passes f
Page 315 and 316: 9. . Sound waves do not exhibit pol
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Page 333 and 334: A hydrogen atom is energized so tha
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Page 337 and 338: electrons have mass, it is so negli
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Page 343 and 344: Photoelectro n Radius of Electron O
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Page 349 and 350: In radioactive substances, the numb
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Page 359 and 360: Given the period, T, and semimajor
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Page 363 and 364: A back-and-forth movement about an
Page 365 and 366: Refracted ray Refraction Restoring
Page 367 and 368: T Tail Tangent A body or set of bod
Page 369 and 370: Weber Weight The force involved in
Page 371 and 372: pinpointing what you need to study
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