Introduction to SAT II Physics - FreeExamPapers

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problems far more frequently than speed. A common example of speed is the number given by the speedometer in a car. A speedometer tells us the car’s speed, not its velocity, because it gives only a number and not a direction. Speed is a measure of the distance an object travels in a given length of time: Velocity is a vector quantity defined as rate of change of the displacement vector over time: average velocity = It is important to remember that the average speed and the magnitude of the average velocity may not be equivalent. Instantaneous Speed and Velocity The two equations given above for speed and velocity discuss only the average speed and average velocity over a given time interval. Most often, as with a car’s speedometer, we are not interested in an average speed or velocity, but in the instantaneous velocity or speed at a given moment. That is, we don’t want to know how many meters an object covered in the past ten seconds; we want to know how fast that object is moving right now. Instantaneous velocity is not a tricky concept: we simply take the equation above and assume that is very, very small. Most problems on SAT II Physics ask about an object’s instantaneous velocity rather than its average velocity or speed over a given time frame. Unless a question specifically asks you about the average velocity or speed over a given time interval, you can safely assume that it is asking about the instantaneous velocity at a given moment. EXAMPLE Which of the follow sentences contains an example of instantaneous velocity? (A) “The car covered 500 kilometers in the first 10 hours of its northward journey.” (B) “Five seconds into the launch, the rocket was shooting upward at 5000 meters per second.” (C) “The cheetah can run at 70 miles per hour.” (D) “Moving at five kilometers per hour, it will take us eight hours to get to the base camp.” (E) “Roger Bannister was the first person to run one mile in less than four minutes.” Instantaneous velocity has a magnitude and a direction, and deals with the velocity at a particular instant in time. All three of these requirements are met only in B. A is an example of average velocity, C is an example of instantaneous speed, and both D and E are examples of average speed. Acceleration Speed and velocity only deal with movement at a constant rate. When we speed up, slow down, or change direction, we want to know our acceleration. Acceleration is a vector quantity that measures the rate of change of the velocity vector with time: average acceleration = Applying the Concepts of Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration With these three definitions under our belt, let’s apply them to a little story of a zealous high 36
school student called Andrea. Andrea is due to take SAT II Physics at the ETS building 10 miles due east from her home. Because she is particularly concerned with sleeping as much as possible before the test, she practices the drive the day before so she knows exactly how long it will take and how early she must get up. Instantaneous Velocity After starting her car, she zeros her odometer so that she can record the exact distance to the test center. Throughout the drive, Andrea is cautious of her speed, which is measured by her speedometer. At first she is careful to drive at exactly 30 miles per hour, as advised by the signs along the road. Chuckling to herself, she notes that her instantaneous velocity—a vector quantity —is 30 miles per hour due east. Average Acceleration Along the way, Andrea sees a new speed limit sign of 40 miles per hour, so she accelerates. Noting with her trusty wristwatch that it takes her two seconds to change from 30 miles per hour due east to 40 miles per hour due east, Andrea calculates her average acceleration during this time frame: average acceleration = This may seem like an outrageously large number, but in terms of meters per second squared, the standard units for measuring acceleration, it comes out to 0.22 m/s 2 . Average Velocity: One Way After reaching the tall, black ETS skyscraper, Andrea notes that the test center is exactly 10 miles from her home and that it took her precisely 16 minutes to travel between the two locations. She does a quick calculation to determine her average velocity during the trip: Average Speed and Velocity: Return Journey Satisfied with her little exercise, Andrea turns the car around to see if she can beat her 16-minute 37
Page 1 and 2: SATII PHYSICS (FROM SPARKNOTES.COM)
Page 3 and 4: The Good • Because SAT II Subject
Page 5 and 6: Which SAT II Subject Tests to Take
Page 7 and 8: After grumbling, however, you still
Page 9 and 10: Waves 15-19% 11-15 Waves 10% 7-8 Op
Page 11 and 12: negative, so E, and not A, is the c
Page 13 and 14: including them anyway because it’
Page 15 and 16: Two positively charged particles, o
Page 17 and 18: will a visual representation reliev
Page 19 and 20: Physics Hint 6: Be Flexible Knowing
Page 21 and 22: There are a number of ways to label
Page 23 and 24: Adding Parallel Vectors If the vect
Page 25 and 26: The result of multiplying A by c is
Page 27 and 28: neither parallel nor perpendicular.
Page 29 and 30: Suppose the hands on a clock are ve
Page 31 and 32: Vector Addition Practice Questions
Page 33 and 34: 2. A The vector 2A has a magnitude
Page 35: path, Alan has traveled a much grea
Page 39 and 40: centimeters to the left of its star
Page 41 and 42: We can learn two things about the a
Page 43 and 44: Acceleration vs. Time Graphs After
Page 45 and 46: The variable represents the object
Page 47 and 48: Note that there are certain conveni
Page 49 and 50: 1. . An athlete runs four laps of a
Page 51 and 52: 10. . A woman runs 40 m to the nort
Page 53 and 54: We know the total distance the spri
Page 55 and 56: Principles of Natural Philosophy. I
Page 57 and 58: The component form of Newton’s Se
Page 59 and 60: e in the direction. And since the s
Page 61 and 62: which reflects its resistance to be
Page 63 and 64: In the diagram above, the weight an
Page 65 and 66: A student pushes a box that weighs
Page 67 and 68: 1. . Each of the figures below show
Page 69 and 70: 7. . In the figure above, a person
Page 71 and 72: Since the block is motionless, the
Page 73 and 74: When we are told that a person push
Page 75 and 76: EXAMPLE A water balloon of mass m i
Page 77 and 78: The graph above plots the force exe
Page 79 and 80: Though energy is always measured in
Page 81 and 82: there is a negative amount of work
Page 83 and 84: smallest. The answer to question 3
Page 85 and 86: Mechanical Energy Average Power Ins
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to a height of 8 m over a time of 4
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8. C When the book reaches the pers
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determining what those right number
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the ground. The system is initially
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calculators, you almost certainly w
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and minimize M.” With such a ques
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2. WHAT IS THE ACCELERATION OF THE
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Adding these two equations together
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force of friction: . Using Newton
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m, placed on a frictionless surface
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Frequency is given in units of cycl
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of the spring due to the gravitatio
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The oscillation of a pendulum is mu
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Velocity Calculating the velocity o
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Practice Questions 1. . Two masses,
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7. . An object of mass 3 kg is atta
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Since the system is in equilibrium,
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velocity, v. Linear momentum is den
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Conservation of Momentum If we comb
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As we might expect, the final veloc
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A pool player hits the eight ball,
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two-dimensional collision is effect
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For a System of Two Particles For a
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At the front end of the boat, the f
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4. . A scattering experiment is don
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1. B The athlete imparts a certain
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7. E Momentum is conserved in this
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The diver’s translational motion
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30 π/6 45 π/4 60 π/3 90 π/2 180
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elative position to one another. As
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acceleration given its angular velo
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To find the direction of a rigid bo
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A student exerts a force of 50 N on
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The torque that produces the angula
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The masses in the figure above are
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an object sliding down a frictionle
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Velocity Average Angular Accelerati
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3. . What is the direction of the a
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1. D An object that experiences 120
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At the top of the incline, the disk
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from a Latin word meaning “center
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Newton’s Law of Universal Gravita
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when you are beneath the surface of
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EXAMPLE A satellite of mass is laun
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Kepler’s Laws After poring over t
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Practice Questions Questions 1-3 re
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8. . A satellite orbits the Earth a
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Circumference and radius are relate
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learn how heat is transferred from
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heat, like rubber, have a high spec
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Just as specific heat tells us how
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Conduction is the transfer of heat
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Effectively, this equation tells us
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the way that it does. The Laws of T
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There are a number of equivalent fo
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If we know our formulas, this probl
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5. . An ideal gas is enclosed in a
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Asphalt, like most materials, has a
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The things we call atoms today are
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If they come up on SAT II Physics,
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will move in the opposite direction
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Work The work done to move a charge
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Much like gravitational potential e
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3. . A particle of charge +2q exert
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7. . A particle of charge +q is a d
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The vector sum of the three vectors
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Voltage The batteries we use in fla
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This equation tells us that we can
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If the two variables you know are a
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However, each resistor causes a vol
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So = 4 . WHAT IS THE CURRENT RUNNIN
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Consider again the circuit whose to
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This circuit consists of resistors
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The junction rule deals with “jun
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across the loop. We can express the
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capacitance is halved. The proporti
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The Greek letter is called the diel
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4. . Two resistors, and , are ident
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10. . A dielectric is inserted into
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The equivalent capacitance of two c
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The Earth itself acts like a huge b
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Because the velocity vector and the
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A particle with a positive charge o
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The constant is called the permeabi
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1. . The pointer on a compass is th
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7. . A positively charged particle
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1. B To solve this problem, it is h
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If the particle is to move at a con
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flowing in the counterclockwise dir
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Next, let’s calculate the flux th
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Remember that field lines come out
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Magnetic Flux Faraday’s Law / Len
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5. . A wire carrying 5.0 V is appli
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In this equation, A is the amplitud
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Ernst attaches a stretched string t
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A string is tied to a pole at one e
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other. The principle of superpositi
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Nodes The crests and troughs of a s
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The Doppler Effect So far we have o
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Practice Questions 1. . Which of th
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6. . Two pulses travel along a stri
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1. B Simple harmonic motion is defi
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where and are the frequency heard b
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A higher frequency—and thus a sho
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The phenomenon of refraction result
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Since we know that the ratio of / i
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The four basic kinds of optical ins
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You can test all this yourself with
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Because is a positive number, we kn
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As the diagram shows us, and as the
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At any point P on the back screen,
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Note that the pattern is brightest
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One of the more common ways of test
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3. . When the orange light passes f
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9. . Sound waves do not exhibit pol
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7. E Only concave mirrors and conve
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For people who believed that light
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What does this all mean? Time is re
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A spaceship flying toward the Earth
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Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
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The Wave Theory of Electromagnetic
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The Problem with Rutherford’s Mod
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Don’t worry: you don’t need to
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A hydrogen atom is energized so tha
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where is the uncertainty in a parti
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electrons have mass, it is so negli
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chapters on mechanics are the resul
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You won’t need to calculate the n
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Photoelectro n Radius of Electron O
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5. . An electron is accelerated thr
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according to the formula , where l
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In radioactive substances, the numb
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A scale for measuring temperature,
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The points of maximum displacement
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Electromagnetic spectrum The spectr
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The amount of time it takes for one
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Given the period, T, and semimajor
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The substance that is displaced as
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A back-and-forth movement about an
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Refracted ray Refraction Restoring
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T Tail Tangent A body or set of bod
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Weber Weight The force involved in
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pinpointing what you need to study
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If you got a question wrong because
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