Introduction to SAT II Physics - FreeExamPapers

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In a right triangle, the sine of a given angle is the length of the side opposite the angle divided by the length of the hypotenuse. Snell’s Law Relates the angle of incidence to the angle of refraction: . Sound Waves carried by variations in air pressure. The speed of sound waves in air at room temperature and pressure is roughly 343 m/s. Specific heat The amount of heat of a material required to raise the temperature of either one kilogram or one gram of that material by one degree Celsius. Different units may be used depending on whether specific heat is measured in s of grams or kilograms, and joules or calories. Spectroscope A device that breaks incoming light down into spectral rays, so that one can see the exact wavelength constituents of the light. Speed A scalar quantity that tells us how fast an object is moving. It measures the rate of change in distance over time. Speed is to be contrasted with velocity in that there is no direction associated with speed. Spring Objects that experience oscillatory or simple harmonic motion when distorted. Their motion is described by Hooke’s Law. Spring constant Indicates how “bouncy” or “stiff” a spring is. More specifically, the spring constant, k, is the constant of proportionality between the restoring force exerted by the spring, and the spring’s displacement from equilibrium. The greater the value of k, more resistant the spring is to being displaced. Standing wave A wave that interferes with its own reflection so as to produce oscillations which stand still, rather than traveling down the length of the medium. Standing waves on a string with both ends tied down make up the harmonic series. Static friction The force between two surfaces that are not moving relative to one another. The force of static friction is parallel to the plane of contact between the two objects and resists the force pushing or pulling on the object. Strong nuclear force The force that binds protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus. Sublimation The process by which a solid turns directly into gas, because it cannot exist as a liquid at a certain pressure. Superposition The principle by which the displacements from different waves traveling in the same medium add up. Superposition is the basis for interference. System 366
T Tail Tangent A body or set of bodies that we choose to analyze as a group. In the graphical representation of vectors, the tail of the arrow is the blunt end (the end without a point). Temperature Tension force In a right triangle, the tangent of a given angle is the length of the side opposite the angle divided by the length of the side adjacent to the triangle. A measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a system. Temperature is related to heat by the specific heat of a given substance. The force transmitted along a rope or cable. Thermal energy The energy of the molecules that make up an object. It is related to heat, which is the amount of energy transferred from one object to another object that is a different temperature. Thermal equilibrium Two materials are in thermal equilibrium if they are at the same temperature. Third Law of Thermodynamics An object cannot be cooled to absolute zero. Threshold frequency Tip Torque A property of a metal, the minimum frequency of electromagnetic radiation that is necessary to release photoelectrons from that metal. In the graphical representation of vectors, the tip of the arrow is the pointy end. The effect of force on rotational motion. Total internal reflection Transformer The phenomenon by which light traveling from a high n to a low n material will reflect from the optical interface if the incident angle is greater than the critical angle. A device made of two coils, which converts current of one voltage into current of another voltage. In a step-up transformer, the primary coil has fewer turns than the secondary, thus increasing the voltage. In a step-down transformer, the secondary coil has fewer turns than the primary, thus decreasing the voltage. Translational kinetic energy The energy of a particle moving in space. It is defined in s of a particle’s mass, m, and velocity, v, as (1/2)mv 2 . Translational motion The movement of a rigid body’s center of mass in space. Transverse waves Waves in which the medium moves in the direction perpendicular to the propagation of the wave. Waves on a stretched string, water waves, and electromagnetic waves are all examples of transverse waves. 367
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SATII PHYSICS (FROM SPARKNOTES.COM)
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The Good • Because SAT II Subject
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Which SAT II Subject Tests to Take
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After grumbling, however, you still
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Waves 15-19% 11-15 Waves 10% 7-8 Op
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negative, so E, and not A, is the c
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including them anyway because it’
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Two positively charged particles, o
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will a visual representation reliev
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Physics Hint 6: Be Flexible Knowing
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There are a number of ways to label
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Adding Parallel Vectors If the vect
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The result of multiplying A by c is
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neither parallel nor perpendicular.
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Suppose the hands on a clock are ve
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Vector Addition Practice Questions
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2. A The vector 2A has a magnitude
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path, Alan has traveled a much grea
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school student called Andrea. Andre
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centimeters to the left of its star
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We can learn two things about the a
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Acceleration vs. Time Graphs After
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The variable represents the object
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Note that there are certain conveni
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1. . An athlete runs four laps of a
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10. . A woman runs 40 m to the nort
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We know the total distance the spri
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Principles of Natural Philosophy. I
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The component form of Newton’s Se
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e in the direction. And since the s
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which reflects its resistance to be
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In the diagram above, the weight an
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A student pushes a box that weighs
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1. . Each of the figures below show
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7. . In the figure above, a person
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Since the block is motionless, the
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When we are told that a person push
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EXAMPLE A water balloon of mass m i
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The graph above plots the force exe
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Though energy is always measured in
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there is a negative amount of work
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smallest. The answer to question 3
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Mechanical Energy Average Power Ins
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to a height of 8 m over a time of 4
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8. C When the book reaches the pers
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determining what those right number
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the ground. The system is initially
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calculators, you almost certainly w
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and minimize M.” With such a ques
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2. WHAT IS THE ACCELERATION OF THE
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Adding these two equations together
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force of friction: . Using Newton
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m, placed on a frictionless surface
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Frequency is given in units of cycl
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of the spring due to the gravitatio
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The oscillation of a pendulum is mu
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Velocity Calculating the velocity o
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Practice Questions 1. . Two masses,
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7. . An object of mass 3 kg is atta
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Since the system is in equilibrium,
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velocity, v. Linear momentum is den
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Conservation of Momentum If we comb
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As we might expect, the final veloc
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A pool player hits the eight ball,
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two-dimensional collision is effect
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For a System of Two Particles For a
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At the front end of the boat, the f
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4. . A scattering experiment is don
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1. B The athlete imparts a certain
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7. E Momentum is conserved in this
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The diver’s translational motion
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30 π/6 45 π/4 60 π/3 90 π/2 180
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elative position to one another. As
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acceleration given its angular velo
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To find the direction of a rigid bo
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A student exerts a force of 50 N on
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The torque that produces the angula
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The masses in the figure above are
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an object sliding down a frictionle
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Velocity Average Angular Accelerati
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3. . What is the direction of the a
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1. D An object that experiences 120
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At the top of the incline, the disk
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from a Latin word meaning “center
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Newton’s Law of Universal Gravita
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when you are beneath the surface of
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EXAMPLE A satellite of mass is laun
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Kepler’s Laws After poring over t
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Practice Questions Questions 1-3 re
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8. . A satellite orbits the Earth a
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Circumference and radius are relate
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learn how heat is transferred from
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heat, like rubber, have a high spec
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Just as specific heat tells us how
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Conduction is the transfer of heat
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Effectively, this equation tells us
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the way that it does. The Laws of T
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There are a number of equivalent fo
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If we know our formulas, this probl
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5. . An ideal gas is enclosed in a
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Asphalt, like most materials, has a
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The things we call atoms today are
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If they come up on SAT II Physics,
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will move in the opposite direction
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Work The work done to move a charge
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Much like gravitational potential e
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3. . A particle of charge +2q exert
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7. . A particle of charge +q is a d
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The vector sum of the three vectors
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Voltage The batteries we use in fla
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This equation tells us that we can
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If the two variables you know are a
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However, each resistor causes a vol
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So = 4 . WHAT IS THE CURRENT RUNNIN
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Consider again the circuit whose to
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This circuit consists of resistors
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The junction rule deals with “jun
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across the loop. We can express the
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capacitance is halved. The proporti
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The Greek letter is called the diel
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4. . Two resistors, and , are ident
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10. . A dielectric is inserted into
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The equivalent capacitance of two c
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The Earth itself acts like a huge b
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Because the velocity vector and the
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A particle with a positive charge o
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The constant is called the permeabi
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1. . The pointer on a compass is th
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7. . A positively charged particle
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1. B To solve this problem, it is h
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If the particle is to move at a con
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flowing in the counterclockwise dir
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Next, let’s calculate the flux th
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Remember that field lines come out
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Magnetic Flux Faraday’s Law / Len
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5. . A wire carrying 5.0 V is appli
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In this equation, A is the amplitud
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Ernst attaches a stretched string t
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A string is tied to a pole at one e
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other. The principle of superpositi
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Nodes The crests and troughs of a s
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The Doppler Effect So far we have o
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Practice Questions 1. . Which of th
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6. . Two pulses travel along a stri
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1. B Simple harmonic motion is defi
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where and are the frequency heard b
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A higher frequency—and thus a sho
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The phenomenon of refraction result
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Since we know that the ratio of / i
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The four basic kinds of optical ins
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You can test all this yourself with
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Because is a positive number, we kn
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As the diagram shows us, and as the
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At any point P on the back screen,
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Note that the pattern is brightest
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One of the more common ways of test
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3. . When the orange light passes f
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Page 369 and 370: Weber Weight The force involved in
Page 371 and 372: pinpointing what you need to study
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