Introduction to SAT II Physics - FreeExamPapers

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Objects Released from Circular Motion One concept that is tested frequently on SAT II Physics is the trajectory of a circling body when the force providing centripetal acceleration suddenly vanishes. For example, imagine swinging a ball in a circle overhead and then letting it go. As soon as you let go, there is no longer a centripetal force acting on the ball. Recall Newton’s First Law: when no net force is acting on an object, it will move with a constant velocity. When you let go of the ball, it will travel in a straight line with the velocity it had when you let go of it. EXAMPLE A student is standing on a merry-go-round that is rotating counterclockwise, as illustrated above. The student is given a ball and told to release it in such a way that it knocks over the wicket at the top of the diagram. At what point should the student release the ball? When the student releases the ball, it will travel in a straight line, tangent to the circle. In order to hit the wicket, then, the student should release the ball at point B. 168
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation is a fundamental physical law. We experience its effects everywhere on this planet, and it is the prime mover in the vast world of astronomy. It can also be expressed in a relatively simple mathematical formula on which SAT II Physics is almost certain to test you. Gravitational Force In 1687, Isaac Newton published his Law of Gravitation in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. Newton proposed that every body in the universe is attracted to every other body with a force that is directly proportional to the product of the bodies’ masses and inversely proportional to the square of the bodies’ separation. In terms of mathematical relationships, Newton’s Law of Gravitation states that the force of gravity, , between two particles of mass and has a magnitude of: where r is the distance between the center of the two masses and G is the gravitational constant. The value of G was determined experimentally by Henry Cavendish in 1798: The force of gravity is a vector quantity. Particle attracts particle with a force that is directed toward , as illustrated in the figure below. Similarly, particle attracts particle with a force that is directed toward . Note that the gravitational force, , acting on particle is equal and opposite to the gravitational force acting on particle , – . This is a consequence of Newton’s Third Law. Let’s consider two examples to give you a more intuitive feel for the strength of the gravitational force. The force of gravity between two oranges on opposite sides of a table is quite tiny, roughly 10 –13 N. On the other hand, the gravitational force between two galaxies separated by 10 6 light years is something in the neighborhood of 10 27 N! Newton’s Law of Gravitation was an enormous achievement, precisely because it synthesized the laws that govern motion on Earth and in the heavens. Additionally, Newton’s work had a profound effect on philosophical thought. His research implied that the universe was a rational place that 169
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SATII PHYSICS (FROM SPARKNOTES.COM)
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The Good • Because SAT II Subject
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Which SAT II Subject Tests to Take
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After grumbling, however, you still
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Waves 15-19% 11-15 Waves 10% 7-8 Op
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negative, so E, and not A, is the c
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including them anyway because it’
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Two positively charged particles, o
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will a visual representation reliev
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Physics Hint 6: Be Flexible Knowing
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There are a number of ways to label
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Adding Parallel Vectors If the vect
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The result of multiplying A by c is
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neither parallel nor perpendicular.
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Suppose the hands on a clock are ve
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Vector Addition Practice Questions
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2. A The vector 2A has a magnitude
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path, Alan has traveled a much grea
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school student called Andrea. Andre
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centimeters to the left of its star
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We can learn two things about the a
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Acceleration vs. Time Graphs After
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The variable represents the object
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Note that there are certain conveni
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1. . An athlete runs four laps of a
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10. . A woman runs 40 m to the nort
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We know the total distance the spri
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Principles of Natural Philosophy. I
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The component form of Newton’s Se
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e in the direction. And since the s
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which reflects its resistance to be
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In the diagram above, the weight an
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A student pushes a box that weighs
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1. . Each of the figures below show
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7. . In the figure above, a person
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Since the block is motionless, the
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When we are told that a person push
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EXAMPLE A water balloon of mass m i
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The graph above plots the force exe
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Though energy is always measured in
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there is a negative amount of work
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smallest. The answer to question 3
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Mechanical Energy Average Power Ins
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to a height of 8 m over a time of 4
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8. C When the book reaches the pers
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determining what those right number
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the ground. The system is initially
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calculators, you almost certainly w
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and minimize M.” With such a ques
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2. WHAT IS THE ACCELERATION OF THE
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Adding these two equations together
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force of friction: . Using Newton
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m, placed on a frictionless surface
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Frequency is given in units of cycl
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of the spring due to the gravitatio
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The oscillation of a pendulum is mu
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Velocity Calculating the velocity o
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Practice Questions 1. . Two masses,
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Page 119 and 120: Since the system is in equilibrium,
Page 121 and 122: velocity, v. Linear momentum is den
Page 123 and 124: Conservation of Momentum If we comb
Page 125 and 126: As we might expect, the final veloc
Page 127 and 128: A pool player hits the eight ball,
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Page 131 and 132: For a System of Two Particles For a
Page 133 and 134: At the front end of the boat, the f
Page 135 and 136: 4. . A scattering experiment is don
Page 137 and 138: 1. B The athlete imparts a certain
Page 139 and 140: 7. E Momentum is conserved in this
Page 141 and 142: The diver’s translational motion
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Page 145 and 146: elative position to one another. As
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Page 149 and 150: To find the direction of a rigid bo
Page 151 and 152: A student exerts a force of 50 N on
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Page 157 and 158: an object sliding down a frictionle
Page 159 and 160: Velocity Average Angular Accelerati
Page 161 and 162: 3. . What is the direction of the a
Page 163 and 164: 1. D An object that experiences 120
Page 165 and 166: At the top of the incline, the disk
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Page 171 and 172: when you are beneath the surface of
Page 173 and 174: EXAMPLE A satellite of mass is laun
Page 175 and 176: Kepler’s Laws After poring over t
Page 177 and 178: Practice Questions Questions 1-3 re
Page 179 and 180: 8. . A satellite orbits the Earth a
Page 181 and 182: Circumference and radius are relate
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Page 187 and 188: Just as specific heat tells us how
Page 189 and 190: Conduction is the transfer of heat
Page 191 and 192: Effectively, this equation tells us
Page 193 and 194: the way that it does. The Laws of T
Page 195 and 196: There are a number of equivalent fo
Page 197 and 198: If we know our formulas, this probl
Page 199 and 200: 5. . An ideal gas is enclosed in a
Page 201 and 202: Asphalt, like most materials, has a
Page 203 and 204: The things we call atoms today are
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Page 207 and 208: will move in the opposite direction
Page 209 and 210: Work The work done to move a charge
Page 211 and 212: Much like gravitational potential e
Page 213 and 214: 3. . A particle of charge +2q exert
Page 215 and 216: 7. . A particle of charge +q is a d
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Voltage The batteries we use in fla
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This equation tells us that we can
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If the two variables you know are a
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However, each resistor causes a vol
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So = 4 . WHAT IS THE CURRENT RUNNIN
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Consider again the circuit whose to
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This circuit consists of resistors
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The junction rule deals with “jun
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across the loop. We can express the
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capacitance is halved. The proporti
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The Greek letter is called the diel
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4. . Two resistors, and , are ident
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10. . A dielectric is inserted into
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The equivalent capacitance of two c
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The Earth itself acts like a huge b
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Because the velocity vector and the
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A particle with a positive charge o
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The constant is called the permeabi
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1. . The pointer on a compass is th
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7. . A positively charged particle
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1. B To solve this problem, it is h
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If the particle is to move at a con
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flowing in the counterclockwise dir
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Next, let’s calculate the flux th
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Remember that field lines come out
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Magnetic Flux Faraday’s Law / Len
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5. . A wire carrying 5.0 V is appli
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In this equation, A is the amplitud
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Ernst attaches a stretched string t
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A string is tied to a pole at one e
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other. The principle of superpositi
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Nodes The crests and troughs of a s
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The Doppler Effect So far we have o
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Practice Questions 1. . Which of th
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6. . Two pulses travel along a stri
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1. B Simple harmonic motion is defi
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where and are the frequency heard b
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A higher frequency—and thus a sho
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The phenomenon of refraction result
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Since we know that the ratio of / i
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The four basic kinds of optical ins
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You can test all this yourself with
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Because is a positive number, we kn
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As the diagram shows us, and as the
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At any point P on the back screen,
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Note that the pattern is brightest
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One of the more common ways of test
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3. . When the orange light passes f
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9. . Sound waves do not exhibit pol
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7. E Only concave mirrors and conve
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For people who believed that light
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What does this all mean? Time is re
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A spaceship flying toward the Earth
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Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
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The Wave Theory of Electromagnetic
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The Problem with Rutherford’s Mod
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Don’t worry: you don’t need to
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A hydrogen atom is energized so tha
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where is the uncertainty in a parti
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electrons have mass, it is so negli
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chapters on mechanics are the resul
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You won’t need to calculate the n
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Photoelectro n Radius of Electron O
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5. . An electron is accelerated thr
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according to the formula , where l
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In radioactive substances, the numb
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A scale for measuring temperature,
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The points of maximum displacement
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Electromagnetic spectrum The spectr
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The amount of time it takes for one
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Given the period, T, and semimajor
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The substance that is displaced as
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A back-and-forth movement about an
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Refracted ray Refraction Restoring
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T Tail Tangent A body or set of bod
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Weber Weight The force involved in
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pinpointing what you need to study
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If you got a question wrong because
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