Introduction to SAT II Physics - FreeExamPapers

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copper, bearing in mind that the final temperature of the gold must equal the final temperature of the copper: The equality between and tells us that the temperature change of the gold is equal to the temperature change of the copper. If the gold heats up by 30 Cº and the copper cools down by 30 Cº, then the two substances will reach thermal equilibrium at 50ºC. Phase Changes As you know, if you heat a block of ice, it won’t simply get warmer. It will also melt and become liquid. If you heat it even further, it will boil and become a gas. When a substance changes between being a solid, liquid, or gas, we say it has undergone a phase change. Melting Point and Boiling Point If a solid is heated through its melting point, it will melt and turn to liquid. Some substances—for example, dry ice (solid carbon dioxide)—cannot exist as a liquid at certain pressures and will sublimate instead, turning directly into gas. If a liquid is heated through its boiling point, it will vaporize and turn to gas. If a liquid is cooled through its melting point, it will freeze. If a gas is cooled through its boiling point, it will condense into a liquid, or sometimes deposit into a solid, as in the case of carbon dioxide. These phase changes are summarized in the figure below. A substance requires a certain amount of heat to undergo a phase change. If you were to apply steady heat to a block of ice, its temperature would rise steadily until it reached 0ºC. Then the temperature would remain constant as the block of ice slowly melted into water. Only when all the ice had become water would the temperature continue to rise. Latent Heat of Transformation 186
Just as specific heat tells us how much heat it takes to increase the temperature of a substance, the latent heat of transformation, q, tells us how much heat it takes to change the phase of a substance. For instance, the latent heat of fusion of water—that is, the latent heat gained or lost in transforming a solid into a liquid or a liquid into a solid—is J/kg. That means that you must add J to change one kilogram of ice into water, and remove the same amount of heat to change one kilogram of water into ice. Throughout this phase change, the temperature will remain constant at 0ºC. The latent heat of vaporization, which tells us how much heat is gained or lost in transforming a liquid into a gas or a gas into a liquid, is a different value from the latent heat of fusion. For instance, the latent heat of vaporization for water is J/kg, meaning that you must add J to change one kilogram of water into steam, or remove the same amount of heat to change one kilogram of steam into water. Throughout this phase change, the temperature will remain constant at 100ºC. To sublimate a solid directly into a gas, you need an amount of heat equal to the sum of the latent heat of fusion and the latent heat of vaporization of that substance. EXAMPLE How much heat is needed to transform a 1 kg block of ice at –5ÂºC to a puddle of water at 10ÂºC? First, we need to know how much heat it takes to raise the temperature of the ice to 0ºC: Next, we need to know how much heat it takes to melt the ice into water: Last, we need to know how much heat it takes to warm the water up to 10ºC. Now we just add the three figures together to get our answer: Note that far more heat was needed to melt the ice into liquid than was needed to increase the temperature. Thermal Expansion You may have noticed in everyday life that substances can often expand or contract with a change in temperature even if they don’t change phase. If you play a brass or metal woodwind instrument, you have probably noticed that this size change creates difficulties when you’re trying to tune 187
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SATII PHYSICS (FROM SPARKNOTES.COM)
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The Good • Because SAT II Subject
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Which SAT II Subject Tests to Take
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After grumbling, however, you still
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Waves 15-19% 11-15 Waves 10% 7-8 Op
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negative, so E, and not A, is the c
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including them anyway because it’
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Two positively charged particles, o
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will a visual representation reliev
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Physics Hint 6: Be Flexible Knowing
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There are a number of ways to label
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Adding Parallel Vectors If the vect
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The result of multiplying A by c is
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neither parallel nor perpendicular.
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Suppose the hands on a clock are ve
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Vector Addition Practice Questions
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2. A The vector 2A has a magnitude
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path, Alan has traveled a much grea
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school student called Andrea. Andre
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centimeters to the left of its star
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We can learn two things about the a
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Acceleration vs. Time Graphs After
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The variable represents the object
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Note that there are certain conveni
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1. . An athlete runs four laps of a
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10. . A woman runs 40 m to the nort
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We know the total distance the spri
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Principles of Natural Philosophy. I
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The component form of Newton’s Se
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e in the direction. And since the s
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which reflects its resistance to be
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In the diagram above, the weight an
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A student pushes a box that weighs
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1. . Each of the figures below show
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7. . In the figure above, a person
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Since the block is motionless, the
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When we are told that a person push
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EXAMPLE A water balloon of mass m i
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The graph above plots the force exe
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Though energy is always measured in
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there is a negative amount of work
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smallest. The answer to question 3
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Mechanical Energy Average Power Ins
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to a height of 8 m over a time of 4
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8. C When the book reaches the pers
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determining what those right number
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the ground. The system is initially
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calculators, you almost certainly w
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and minimize M.” With such a ques
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2. WHAT IS THE ACCELERATION OF THE
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Adding these two equations together
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force of friction: . Using Newton
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m, placed on a frictionless surface
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Frequency is given in units of cycl
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of the spring due to the gravitatio
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The oscillation of a pendulum is mu
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Velocity Calculating the velocity o
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Practice Questions 1. . Two masses,
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7. . An object of mass 3 kg is atta
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Since the system is in equilibrium,
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velocity, v. Linear momentum is den
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Conservation of Momentum If we comb
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As we might expect, the final veloc
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A pool player hits the eight ball,
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two-dimensional collision is effect
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For a System of Two Particles For a
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At the front end of the boat, the f
Page 135 and 136: 4. . A scattering experiment is don
Page 137 and 138: 1. B The athlete imparts a certain
Page 139 and 140: 7. E Momentum is conserved in this
Page 141 and 142: The diver’s translational motion
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Page 145 and 146: elative position to one another. As
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Page 149 and 150: To find the direction of a rigid bo
Page 151 and 152: A student exerts a force of 50 N on
Page 153 and 154: The torque that produces the angula
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Page 157 and 158: an object sliding down a frictionle
Page 159 and 160: Velocity Average Angular Accelerati
Page 161 and 162: 3. . What is the direction of the a
Page 163 and 164: 1. D An object that experiences 120
Page 165 and 166: At the top of the incline, the disk
Page 167 and 168: from a Latin word meaning “center
Page 169 and 170: Newton’s Law of Universal Gravita
Page 171 and 172: when you are beneath the surface of
Page 173 and 174: EXAMPLE A satellite of mass is laun
Page 175 and 176: Kepler’s Laws After poring over t
Page 177 and 178: Practice Questions Questions 1-3 re
Page 179 and 180: 8. . A satellite orbits the Earth a
Page 181 and 182: Circumference and radius are relate
Page 183 and 184: learn how heat is transferred from
Page 185: heat, like rubber, have a high spec
Page 189 and 190: Conduction is the transfer of heat
Page 191 and 192: Effectively, this equation tells us
Page 193 and 194: the way that it does. The Laws of T
Page 195 and 196: There are a number of equivalent fo
Page 197 and 198: If we know our formulas, this probl
Page 199 and 200: 5. . An ideal gas is enclosed in a
Page 201 and 202: Asphalt, like most materials, has a
Page 203 and 204: The things we call atoms today are
Page 205 and 206: If they come up on SAT II Physics,
Page 207 and 208: will move in the opposite direction
Page 209 and 210: Work The work done to move a charge
Page 211 and 212: Much like gravitational potential e
Page 213 and 214: 3. . A particle of charge +2q exert
Page 215 and 216: 7. . A particle of charge +q is a d
Page 217 and 218: The vector sum of the three vectors
Page 219 and 220: Voltage The batteries we use in fla
Page 221 and 222: This equation tells us that we can
Page 223 and 224: If the two variables you know are a
Page 225 and 226: However, each resistor causes a vol
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Page 229 and 230: Consider again the circuit whose to
Page 231 and 232: This circuit consists of resistors
Page 233 and 234: The junction rule deals with “jun
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capacitance is halved. The proporti
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The Greek letter is called the diel
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4. . Two resistors, and , are ident
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10. . A dielectric is inserted into
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The equivalent capacitance of two c
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The Earth itself acts like a huge b
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Because the velocity vector and the
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A particle with a positive charge o
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The constant is called the permeabi
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1. . The pointer on a compass is th
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7. . A positively charged particle
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1. B To solve this problem, it is h
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If the particle is to move at a con
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flowing in the counterclockwise dir
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Next, let’s calculate the flux th
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Remember that field lines come out
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Magnetic Flux Faraday’s Law / Len
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5. . A wire carrying 5.0 V is appli
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In this equation, A is the amplitud
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Ernst attaches a stretched string t
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A string is tied to a pole at one e
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other. The principle of superpositi
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Nodes The crests and troughs of a s
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The Doppler Effect So far we have o
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Practice Questions 1. . Which of th
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6. . Two pulses travel along a stri
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1. B Simple harmonic motion is defi
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where and are the frequency heard b
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A higher frequency—and thus a sho
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The phenomenon of refraction result
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Since we know that the ratio of / i
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The four basic kinds of optical ins
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You can test all this yourself with
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Because is a positive number, we kn
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As the diagram shows us, and as the
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At any point P on the back screen,
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Note that the pattern is brightest
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One of the more common ways of test
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3. . When the orange light passes f
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9. . Sound waves do not exhibit pol
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7. E Only concave mirrors and conve
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For people who believed that light
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What does this all mean? Time is re
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A spaceship flying toward the Earth
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Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
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The Wave Theory of Electromagnetic
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The Problem with Rutherford’s Mod
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Don’t worry: you don’t need to
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A hydrogen atom is energized so tha
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where is the uncertainty in a parti
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electrons have mass, it is so negli
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chapters on mechanics are the resul
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You won’t need to calculate the n
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Photoelectro n Radius of Electron O
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5. . An electron is accelerated thr
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according to the formula , where l
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In radioactive substances, the numb
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A scale for measuring temperature,
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The points of maximum displacement
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Electromagnetic spectrum The spectr
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The amount of time it takes for one
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Given the period, T, and semimajor
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The substance that is displaced as
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A back-and-forth movement about an
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Refracted ray Refraction Restoring
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T Tail Tangent A body or set of bod
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Weber Weight The force involved in
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pinpointing what you need to study
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If you got a question wrong because
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