Introduction to SAT II Physics - FreeExamPapers

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Values of d, , and f are positive if they are in front of the mirror and negative if they are behind the mirror. An object can’t be reflected unless it’s in front of a mirror, so d will always be positive. However, as we’ve seen, f is negative with convex mirrors, and negative with convex mirrors and with concave mirrors where the object is closer to the mirror than the focal point. A negative value of positive value of signifies a real image. signifies a virtual image, while a Note that a normal, flat mirror is effectively a convex mirror whose focal point is an infinite distance from the mirror, since the light rays never converge. Setting 1/f = 0, we get the expected result that the virtual image is the same distance behind the mirror as the real image is in front. Second Equation: Magnification The second equation tells us about the magnification, m, of an image: is Values of are positive if the image is upright and negative if the image is upside down. The value of m will always be positive because the object itself is always upright. The magnification tells us how large the image is with respect to the object: if , then the image is larger; if , the image is smaller; and if m = 1, as is the case in an ordinary flat mirror, the image is the same size as the object. Because rays move in straight lines, the closer an image is to the mirror, the larger that image will appear. Note that will have a positive value with virtual images and a negative value with real images. Accordingly, the image appears upright with virtual images where m is positive, and the image appears upside down with real images where m is negative. EXAMPLE A woman stands 40 cm from a concave mirror with a focal length of 30 cm. How far from the mirror should she set up a screen in order for her image to be projected onto it? If the woman is 1.5 m tall, how tall will her image be on the screen? HOW FAR FROM THE MIRROR SHOULD SHE SET UP A SCREEN IN ORDER FOR HER IMAGE TO BE PROJECTED ONTO IT? The question tells us that d = 40 cm and f = 30 cm. We can simply plug these numbers into the first of the two equations and solve for mirror: , the distance of the image from the 302
Because is a positive number, we know that the image will be real. Of course, we could also have inferred this from the fact that the woman sets up a screen onto which to project the image. HOW TALL WILL HER IMAGE BE ON THE SCREEN? We know that d = 40 cm, and we now know that = 120 cm, so we can plug these two values into the magnification equation and solve for m: The image will be three times the height of the woman, or m tall. Because the value of m is negative, we know that the image will be real, and projected upside down. Convex Lenses Lenses behave much like mirrors, except they use the principle of refraction, not reflection, to manipulate light. You can still apply the two equations above, but this difference between mirrors and lenses means that the values of and f for lenses are positive for distances behind the lens and negative for distances in front of the lens. As you might expect, d is still always positive. Because lenses—both concave and convex—rely on refraction to focus light, the principle of dispersion tells us that there is a natural limit to how accurately the lens can focus light. For example, if you design the curvature of a convex lens so that red light is focused perfectly into the focal point, then violet light won’t be as accurately focused, since it refracts differently. A convex lens is typically made of transparent material with a bulge in the center. Convex lenses are designed to focus light into the focal point. Because they focus light into a single point, they are sometimes called “converging” lenses. All the terminology regarding lenses is the same as the terminology we discussed with regard to mirrors—the lens has a vertex, a principal axis, a focal point, and so on. Convex lenses differ from concave mirrors in that their focal point lies on the opposite side of the lens from the object. However, for a lens, this means that f > 0, so the two equations discussed earlier apply to both mirrors and lenses. Note also that a ray of light that passes through the vertex of a lens passes straight through without being refracted at an angle. 303
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SATII PHYSICS (FROM SPARKNOTES.COM)
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The Good • Because SAT II Subject
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Which SAT II Subject Tests to Take
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After grumbling, however, you still
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Waves 15-19% 11-15 Waves 10% 7-8 Op
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negative, so E, and not A, is the c
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including them anyway because it’
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Two positively charged particles, o
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will a visual representation reliev
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Physics Hint 6: Be Flexible Knowing
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There are a number of ways to label
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Adding Parallel Vectors If the vect
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The result of multiplying A by c is
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neither parallel nor perpendicular.
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Suppose the hands on a clock are ve
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Vector Addition Practice Questions
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2. A The vector 2A has a magnitude
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path, Alan has traveled a much grea
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school student called Andrea. Andre
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centimeters to the left of its star
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We can learn two things about the a
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Acceleration vs. Time Graphs After
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The variable represents the object
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Note that there are certain conveni
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1. . An athlete runs four laps of a
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10. . A woman runs 40 m to the nort
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We know the total distance the spri
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Principles of Natural Philosophy. I
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The component form of Newton’s Se
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e in the direction. And since the s
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which reflects its resistance to be
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In the diagram above, the weight an
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A student pushes a box that weighs
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1. . Each of the figures below show
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7. . In the figure above, a person
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Since the block is motionless, the
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When we are told that a person push
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EXAMPLE A water balloon of mass m i
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The graph above plots the force exe
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Though energy is always measured in
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there is a negative amount of work
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smallest. The answer to question 3
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Mechanical Energy Average Power Ins
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to a height of 8 m over a time of 4
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8. C When the book reaches the pers
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determining what those right number
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the ground. The system is initially
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calculators, you almost certainly w
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and minimize M.” With such a ques
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2. WHAT IS THE ACCELERATION OF THE
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Adding these two equations together
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force of friction: . Using Newton
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m, placed on a frictionless surface
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Frequency is given in units of cycl
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of the spring due to the gravitatio
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The oscillation of a pendulum is mu
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Velocity Calculating the velocity o
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Practice Questions 1. . Two masses,
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7. . An object of mass 3 kg is atta
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Since the system is in equilibrium,
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velocity, v. Linear momentum is den
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Conservation of Momentum If we comb
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As we might expect, the final veloc
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A pool player hits the eight ball,
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two-dimensional collision is effect
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For a System of Two Particles For a
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At the front end of the boat, the f
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4. . A scattering experiment is don
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1. B The athlete imparts a certain
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7. E Momentum is conserved in this
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The diver’s translational motion
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30 π/6 45 π/4 60 π/3 90 π/2 180
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elative position to one another. As
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acceleration given its angular velo
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To find the direction of a rigid bo
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A student exerts a force of 50 N on
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The torque that produces the angula
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The masses in the figure above are
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an object sliding down a frictionle
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Velocity Average Angular Accelerati
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3. . What is the direction of the a
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1. D An object that experiences 120
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At the top of the incline, the disk
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from a Latin word meaning “center
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Newton’s Law of Universal Gravita
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when you are beneath the surface of
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EXAMPLE A satellite of mass is laun
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Kepler’s Laws After poring over t
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Practice Questions Questions 1-3 re
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8. . A satellite orbits the Earth a
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Circumference and radius are relate
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learn how heat is transferred from
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heat, like rubber, have a high spec
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Just as specific heat tells us how
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Conduction is the transfer of heat
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Effectively, this equation tells us
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the way that it does. The Laws of T
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There are a number of equivalent fo
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If we know our formulas, this probl
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5. . An ideal gas is enclosed in a
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Asphalt, like most materials, has a
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The things we call atoms today are
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If they come up on SAT II Physics,
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will move in the opposite direction
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Work The work done to move a charge
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Much like gravitational potential e
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3. . A particle of charge +2q exert
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7. . A particle of charge +q is a d
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The vector sum of the three vectors
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Voltage The batteries we use in fla
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This equation tells us that we can
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If the two variables you know are a
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However, each resistor causes a vol
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So = 4 . WHAT IS THE CURRENT RUNNIN
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Consider again the circuit whose to
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This circuit consists of resistors
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The junction rule deals with “jun
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across the loop. We can express the
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capacitance is halved. The proporti
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The Greek letter is called the diel
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4. . Two resistors, and , are ident
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10. . A dielectric is inserted into
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The equivalent capacitance of two c
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The Earth itself acts like a huge b
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Because the velocity vector and the
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The points of maximum displacement
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Electromagnetic spectrum The spectr
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The amount of time it takes for one
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Given the period, T, and semimajor
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The substance that is displaced as
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A back-and-forth movement about an
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Refracted ray Refraction Restoring
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T Tail Tangent A body or set of bod
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Weber Weight The force involved in
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pinpointing what you need to study
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If you got a question wrong because
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