Introduction to SAT II Physics - FreeExamPapers

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Circuits Most SAT II Physics questions on circuits will show you a circuit diagram and ask you questions about the current, resistance, or voltage at different points in the circuit. These circuits will usually consist of a power source and one or more resistors arranged in parallel or in series. You will occasionally encounter other circuit elements, such as a voltmeter, an ammeter, a fuse, or a capacitor. Reading the diagrams is not difficult, but since there will be a number of questions on the test that rely on diagrams, it’s important that you master this skill. Here’s a very simple circuit diagram: Zigzags represent resistors, and a pair of parallel, unequal lines represents a battery cell. The longer line is the positive terminal and the shorter line is the negative terminal. That means the current flows from the longer line around the circuit to the shorter line. In the diagram above, the current flows counterclockwise. Often, more than one set of unequal parallel lines are arranged together; this just signifies a number of battery cells arranged in series. Example In the diagram above, = 6 V and R = 12 . What is the current in the circuit and what is the power dissipated in the resistor? You don’t really need to refer to the diagram in order to solve this problem. As long as you know that there’s a circuit with a six-volt battery and a 12-ohm resistor, you need only apply Ohm’s Law and the formula for power. Since I = V/R, the current is: The power is: Resistors in Series Two resistors are in series when they are arranged one after another on the circuit, as in the diagram below. The same amount of current flows first through one resistor and then the other, since the current does not change over the length of a circuit. 224
However, each resistor causes a voltage drop, and if there is more than one resistor in the circuit, the sum of the voltage drops across each resistor in the circuit is equal to the total voltage drop in the circuit. The total resistance in a circuit with two or more resistors in series is equal to the sum of the resistance of all the resistors: a circuit would have the same resistance if it had three resistors in series, or just one big resistor with the resistance of the original three resistors put together. In equation form, this principle is quite simple. In a circuit with two resistors, and , in series, the total resistance, is: EXAMPLE In the figure above, a battery supplies 30 V to a circuit with a 10 resistor and a 20 resistor. What is the current in the circuit, and what is the voltage drop across each resistor? WHAT IS THE CURRENT IN THE CIRCUIT? We can determine the current in the circuit by applying Ohm’s Law: I = V/R. We know what V is, but we need to calculate the total resistance in the circuit by adding together the individual resistances of the two resistors in series: When we know the total resistance in the circuit, we can determine the current through the circuit with a simple application of Ohm’s Law: WHAT IS THE VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS EACH RESISTOR? Determining the voltage drop across an individual resistor in a series of resistors simply requires a reapplication of Ohm’s Law. We know the current through the circuit, and we know the resistance of that individual resistor, so the voltage drop across that resistor is 225
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SATII PHYSICS (FROM SPARKNOTES.COM)
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The Good • Because SAT II Subject
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Which SAT II Subject Tests to Take
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After grumbling, however, you still
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Waves 15-19% 11-15 Waves 10% 7-8 Op
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negative, so E, and not A, is the c
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including them anyway because it’
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Two positively charged particles, o
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will a visual representation reliev
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Physics Hint 6: Be Flexible Knowing
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There are a number of ways to label
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Adding Parallel Vectors If the vect
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The result of multiplying A by c is
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neither parallel nor perpendicular.
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Suppose the hands on a clock are ve
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Vector Addition Practice Questions
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2. A The vector 2A has a magnitude
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path, Alan has traveled a much grea
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school student called Andrea. Andre
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centimeters to the left of its star
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We can learn two things about the a
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Acceleration vs. Time Graphs After
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The variable represents the object
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Note that there are certain conveni
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1. . An athlete runs four laps of a
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10. . A woman runs 40 m to the nort
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We know the total distance the spri
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Principles of Natural Philosophy. I
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The component form of Newton’s Se
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e in the direction. And since the s
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which reflects its resistance to be
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In the diagram above, the weight an
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A student pushes a box that weighs
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1. . Each of the figures below show
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7. . In the figure above, a person
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Since the block is motionless, the
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When we are told that a person push
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EXAMPLE A water balloon of mass m i
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The graph above plots the force exe
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Though energy is always measured in
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there is a negative amount of work
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smallest. The answer to question 3
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Mechanical Energy Average Power Ins
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to a height of 8 m over a time of 4
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8. C When the book reaches the pers
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determining what those right number
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the ground. The system is initially
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calculators, you almost certainly w
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and minimize M.” With such a ques
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2. WHAT IS THE ACCELERATION OF THE
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Adding these two equations together
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force of friction: . Using Newton
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m, placed on a frictionless surface
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Frequency is given in units of cycl
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of the spring due to the gravitatio
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The oscillation of a pendulum is mu
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Velocity Calculating the velocity o
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Practice Questions 1. . Two masses,
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7. . An object of mass 3 kg is atta
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Since the system is in equilibrium,
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velocity, v. Linear momentum is den
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Conservation of Momentum If we comb
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As we might expect, the final veloc
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A pool player hits the eight ball,
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two-dimensional collision is effect
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For a System of Two Particles For a
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At the front end of the boat, the f
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4. . A scattering experiment is don
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1. B The athlete imparts a certain
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7. E Momentum is conserved in this
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The diver’s translational motion
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30 π/6 45 π/4 60 π/3 90 π/2 180
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elative position to one another. As
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acceleration given its angular velo
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To find the direction of a rigid bo
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A student exerts a force of 50 N on
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The torque that produces the angula
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The masses in the figure above are
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an object sliding down a frictionle
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Velocity Average Angular Accelerati
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3. . What is the direction of the a
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1. D An object that experiences 120
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At the top of the incline, the disk
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from a Latin word meaning “center
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Newton’s Law of Universal Gravita
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when you are beneath the surface of
Page 173 and 174: EXAMPLE A satellite of mass is laun
Page 175 and 176: Kepler’s Laws After poring over t
Page 177 and 178: Practice Questions Questions 1-3 re
Page 179 and 180: 8. . A satellite orbits the Earth a
Page 181 and 182: Circumference and radius are relate
Page 183 and 184: learn how heat is transferred from
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Page 187 and 188: Just as specific heat tells us how
Page 189 and 190: Conduction is the transfer of heat
Page 191 and 192: Effectively, this equation tells us
Page 193 and 194: the way that it does. The Laws of T
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Page 197 and 198: If we know our formulas, this probl
Page 199 and 200: 5. . An ideal gas is enclosed in a
Page 201 and 202: Asphalt, like most materials, has a
Page 203 and 204: The things we call atoms today are
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Page 207 and 208: will move in the opposite direction
Page 209 and 210: Work The work done to move a charge
Page 211 and 212: Much like gravitational potential e
Page 213 and 214: 3. . A particle of charge +2q exert
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Page 219 and 220: Voltage The batteries we use in fla
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Page 229 and 230: Consider again the circuit whose to
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Page 233 and 234: The junction rule deals with “jun
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Page 241 and 242: 4. . Two resistors, and , are ident
Page 243 and 244: 10. . A dielectric is inserted into
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Page 247 and 248: The Earth itself acts like a huge b
Page 249 and 250: Because the velocity vector and the
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Page 255 and 256: 1. . The pointer on a compass is th
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Page 259 and 260: 1. B To solve this problem, it is h
Page 261 and 262: If the particle is to move at a con
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Page 265 and 266: Next, let’s calculate the flux th
Page 267 and 268: Remember that field lines come out
Page 269 and 270: Magnetic Flux Faraday’s Law / Len
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Ernst attaches a stretched string t
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A string is tied to a pole at one e
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other. The principle of superpositi
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Nodes The crests and troughs of a s
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The Doppler Effect So far we have o
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Practice Questions 1. . Which of th
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6. . Two pulses travel along a stri
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1. B Simple harmonic motion is defi
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where and are the frequency heard b
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A higher frequency—and thus a sho
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The phenomenon of refraction result
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Since we know that the ratio of / i
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The four basic kinds of optical ins
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You can test all this yourself with
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Because is a positive number, we kn
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As the diagram shows us, and as the
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At any point P on the back screen,
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Note that the pattern is brightest
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One of the more common ways of test
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3. . When the orange light passes f
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9. . Sound waves do not exhibit pol
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7. E Only concave mirrors and conve
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For people who believed that light
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What does this all mean? Time is re
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A spaceship flying toward the Earth
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Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
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The Wave Theory of Electromagnetic
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The Problem with Rutherford’s Mod
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Don’t worry: you don’t need to
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A hydrogen atom is energized so tha
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where is the uncertainty in a parti
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electrons have mass, it is so negli
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chapters on mechanics are the resul
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You won’t need to calculate the n
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Photoelectro n Radius of Electron O
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5. . An electron is accelerated thr
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according to the formula , where l
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In radioactive substances, the numb
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A scale for measuring temperature,
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The points of maximum displacement
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Electromagnetic spectrum The spectr
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The amount of time it takes for one
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Given the period, T, and semimajor
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The substance that is displaced as
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A back-and-forth movement about an
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Refracted ray Refraction Restoring
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T Tail Tangent A body or set of bod
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Weber Weight The force involved in
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pinpointing what you need to study
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If you got a question wrong because
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