Introduction to SAT II Physics - FreeExamPapers

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is concerned, but we have included it for the sake of completeness. Heat Engines A heat engine is a machine that converts heat into work. Heat engines are important not only because they come up on SAT II Physics, but also because a large number of the machines we use —most notably our cars—employ heat engines. A heat engine operates by taking heat from a hot place, converting some of that heat into work, and dumping the rest in a cooler heat reservoir. For example, the engine of a car generates heat by combusting gasoline. Some of that heat drives pistons that make the car do work on the road, and some of that heat is dumped out the exhaust pipe. Assume that a heat engine starts with a certain internal energy U, intakes heat from a heat source at temperature , does work , and exhausts heat into a the cooler heat reservoir with temperature . With a typical heat engine, we only want to use the heat intake, not the internal energy of the engine, to do work, so tells us: . The First Law of Thermodynamics To determine how effectively an engine turns heat into work, we define the efficiency, e, as the ratio of work done to heat input: Because the engine is doing work, we know that > 0, so we can conclude that > . Both and are positive, so the efficiency is always between 0 and 1: Efficiency is usually expressed as a percentage rather than in decimal form. That the efficiency of a heat engine can never be 100% is a consequence of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. If there were a 100% efficient machine, it would be possible to create perpetual motion: a machine could do work upon itself without ever slowing down. EXAMPLE 80 J of heat are injected into a heat engine, causing it to do work. The engine then exhausts 20 J of heat into a cool reservoir. What is the efficiency of the engine? 196
If we know our formulas, this problem is easy. The heat into the system is = 80 J, and the heat out of the system is = 20 J. The efficiency, then, is: 1 – 20 ⁄ 80 = 0.75 = 75% . Key Formulas Conversion between Fahrenheit and Celsius Conversion between Celsius and Kelvin Relationship between Heat and Temperature Coefficient of Linear Expansion Coefficient of Volume Expansion Ideal Gas Law Boyle’s Law Charles’s Law First Law of Thermodynami cs Efficiency of a Heat Engine 197
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SATII PHYSICS (FROM SPARKNOTES.COM)
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The Good • Because SAT II Subject
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Which SAT II Subject Tests to Take
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After grumbling, however, you still
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Waves 15-19% 11-15 Waves 10% 7-8 Op
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negative, so E, and not A, is the c
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including them anyway because it’
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Two positively charged particles, o
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will a visual representation reliev
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Physics Hint 6: Be Flexible Knowing
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There are a number of ways to label
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Adding Parallel Vectors If the vect
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The result of multiplying A by c is
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neither parallel nor perpendicular.
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Suppose the hands on a clock are ve
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Vector Addition Practice Questions
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2. A The vector 2A has a magnitude
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path, Alan has traveled a much grea
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school student called Andrea. Andre
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centimeters to the left of its star
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We can learn two things about the a
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Acceleration vs. Time Graphs After
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The variable represents the object
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Note that there are certain conveni
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1. . An athlete runs four laps of a
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10. . A woman runs 40 m to the nort
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We know the total distance the spri
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Principles of Natural Philosophy. I
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The component form of Newton’s Se
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e in the direction. And since the s
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which reflects its resistance to be
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In the diagram above, the weight an
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A student pushes a box that weighs
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1. . Each of the figures below show
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7. . In the figure above, a person
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Since the block is motionless, the
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When we are told that a person push
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EXAMPLE A water balloon of mass m i
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The graph above plots the force exe
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Though energy is always measured in
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there is a negative amount of work
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smallest. The answer to question 3
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Mechanical Energy Average Power Ins
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to a height of 8 m over a time of 4
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8. C When the book reaches the pers
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determining what those right number
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the ground. The system is initially
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calculators, you almost certainly w
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and minimize M.” With such a ques
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2. WHAT IS THE ACCELERATION OF THE
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Adding these two equations together
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force of friction: . Using Newton
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m, placed on a frictionless surface
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Frequency is given in units of cycl
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of the spring due to the gravitatio
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The oscillation of a pendulum is mu
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Velocity Calculating the velocity o
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Practice Questions 1. . Two masses,
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7. . An object of mass 3 kg is atta
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Since the system is in equilibrium,
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velocity, v. Linear momentum is den
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Conservation of Momentum If we comb
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As we might expect, the final veloc
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A pool player hits the eight ball,
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two-dimensional collision is effect
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For a System of Two Particles For a
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At the front end of the boat, the f
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4. . A scattering experiment is don
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1. B The athlete imparts a certain
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7. E Momentum is conserved in this
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The diver’s translational motion
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30 π/6 45 π/4 60 π/3 90 π/2 180
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Page 149 and 150: To find the direction of a rigid bo
Page 151 and 152: A student exerts a force of 50 N on
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Page 157 and 158: an object sliding down a frictionle
Page 159 and 160: Velocity Average Angular Accelerati
Page 161 and 162: 3. . What is the direction of the a
Page 163 and 164: 1. D An object that experiences 120
Page 165 and 166: At the top of the incline, the disk
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Page 169 and 170: Newton’s Law of Universal Gravita
Page 171 and 172: when you are beneath the surface of
Page 173 and 174: EXAMPLE A satellite of mass is laun
Page 175 and 176: Kepler’s Laws After poring over t
Page 177 and 178: Practice Questions Questions 1-3 re
Page 179 and 180: 8. . A satellite orbits the Earth a
Page 181 and 182: Circumference and radius are relate
Page 183 and 184: learn how heat is transferred from
Page 185 and 186: heat, like rubber, have a high spec
Page 187 and 188: Just as specific heat tells us how
Page 189 and 190: Conduction is the transfer of heat
Page 191 and 192: Effectively, this equation tells us
Page 193 and 194: the way that it does. The Laws of T
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Page 199 and 200: 5. . An ideal gas is enclosed in a
Page 201 and 202: Asphalt, like most materials, has a
Page 203 and 204: The things we call atoms today are
Page 205 and 206: If they come up on SAT II Physics,
Page 207 and 208: will move in the opposite direction
Page 209 and 210: Work The work done to move a charge
Page 211 and 212: Much like gravitational potential e
Page 213 and 214: 3. . A particle of charge +2q exert
Page 215 and 216: 7. . A particle of charge +q is a d
Page 217 and 218: The vector sum of the three vectors
Page 219 and 220: Voltage The batteries we use in fla
Page 221 and 222: This equation tells us that we can
Page 223 and 224: If the two variables you know are a
Page 225 and 226: However, each resistor causes a vol
Page 227 and 228: So = 4 . WHAT IS THE CURRENT RUNNIN
Page 229 and 230: Consider again the circuit whose to
Page 231 and 232: This circuit consists of resistors
Page 233 and 234: The junction rule deals with “jun
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Page 241 and 242: 4. . Two resistors, and , are ident
Page 243 and 244: 10. . A dielectric is inserted into
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The Earth itself acts like a huge b
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Because the velocity vector and the
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A particle with a positive charge o
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The constant is called the permeabi
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1. . The pointer on a compass is th
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7. . A positively charged particle
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1. B To solve this problem, it is h
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If the particle is to move at a con
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flowing in the counterclockwise dir
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Next, let’s calculate the flux th
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Remember that field lines come out
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Magnetic Flux Faraday’s Law / Len
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5. . A wire carrying 5.0 V is appli
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In this equation, A is the amplitud
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Ernst attaches a stretched string t
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A string is tied to a pole at one e
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other. The principle of superpositi
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Nodes The crests and troughs of a s
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The Doppler Effect So far we have o
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Practice Questions 1. . Which of th
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6. . Two pulses travel along a stri
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1. B Simple harmonic motion is defi
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where and are the frequency heard b
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A higher frequency—and thus a sho
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The phenomenon of refraction result
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Since we know that the ratio of / i
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The four basic kinds of optical ins
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You can test all this yourself with
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Because is a positive number, we kn
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As the diagram shows us, and as the
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At any point P on the back screen,
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Note that the pattern is brightest
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One of the more common ways of test
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3. . When the orange light passes f
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9. . Sound waves do not exhibit pol
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7. E Only concave mirrors and conve
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For people who believed that light
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What does this all mean? Time is re
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A spaceship flying toward the Earth
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Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
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The Wave Theory of Electromagnetic
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The Problem with Rutherford’s Mod
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Don’t worry: you don’t need to
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A hydrogen atom is energized so tha
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where is the uncertainty in a parti
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electrons have mass, it is so negli
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chapters on mechanics are the resul
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You won’t need to calculate the n
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Photoelectro n Radius of Electron O
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5. . An electron is accelerated thr
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according to the formula , where l
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In radioactive substances, the numb
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A scale for measuring temperature,
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The points of maximum displacement
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Electromagnetic spectrum The spectr
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The amount of time it takes for one
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Given the period, T, and semimajor
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The substance that is displaced as
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A back-and-forth movement about an
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Refracted ray Refraction Restoring
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T Tail Tangent A body or set of bod
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Weber Weight The force involved in
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pinpointing what you need to study
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If you got a question wrong because
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