Promoting Resource Efficiency in Small & Medium size ... - UNEP

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Table 60 shows rinsing criteria for the design of rinsing systems in galvanising. The rinsing criterion is the dilution factor defined by the concentration of the substance to be diluted in the adhering film when taking the part out of the active bath divided by the desired final concentration after rinsing. Degreasing 35-100 Pickling 100-200 Anodising 2000-4000 Copper 1000 Phosphatising 2000 Nickel 3000-5000 Chrome 10000+ Table 60: Rinsing criteria in galvanising In stamping sheet metal, the bar between the parts should be as wide as the material is thick. Heating steel in a furnace typically causes high losses in oil or gas fired furnaces to the exhaust gas. The heat consumption of a typical furnace is about 3000 kJ/kg. Heat recovery to preheat the combustion air and improved control can reduce this by 30%. Induction heating reduces energy requirement further to less than 2000, supra-conductive coils for induction heating to almost 1000 kJ/kg. 9.9 Kitchen, office, sanitary use Table 61 and Table 62 show typical water consumption for kitchen operations and toilets. Equipment Commercial dishwashers Pre-rinse spray valves Commercial steam cookers 100 Type Water use Traditional Existing standard High efficiency Savings potential Comments Under counter 1 – 1.8 gal/rack no standard 1 gal/rack up to 0.8 gal/rack Machines with an overall height of less than 36“; rack of dishes remains stationary within machine during sequential wash and rinse sprays. High temp machines are most water efficient. Stationary single tank door Single tank conveyor Multi tank conveyor Handheld hosemounted dish sprayers Compartment steamers Table 61: Benchmarks for dishwasher 1.1 – 2.2 gal/rack no standard 0.95 gal/rack up to 1.2 gal/rack Includes machines commonly referred to as pot, pan and utensil washer. Also applies to machines in which the rack revolves on an axis during the wash and rinse cycles. High temp machines are most water efficient. 0.7 – 1.4 gal/rack no standard 0.7 gal/rack up to 7 gal/rack A single tank conveyor machine has a tank for wash water followed by a final sanitising rinse and does not have a pumped rinse tank. 0.54 – 1.2 gal/rack no standard 0.54 gal/rack up to 0.58 gal/rack Machines with one or more tanks for wash water and one or more tanks for pumped rinse water. Followed by a final sanitising rinse. 2 – 5 gpm 1.6 gpm at 60 psi 0.4 – 3.4 gpm 25 – 35 gal/hr no standard ENERGY STAR qualified cookers average 2 gal/hr up to 33 gal/hr
Years manufactured Gravity tank style Flush valve style Pre-1977 5.0 – 7.0 gpf 4.5 – 5.0 gpf 1977 to mid 1990s 3.5 (some 5.0 gpf) 3.5 gpf Mid 1990s 1.6 gpf maximum 1.6 gpf maximum 2003 + best in class 1.3 gpf maximum 1.3 gpf maximum Table 62: Typical water consumption for toilets Type No. of uses per day per person Male Female Duration per use Shower Varies Varies 5 minutes Wash basin and kitchen sinks 2.5 2.5 9 seconds Table 63: Typical water consumption for showers and wash basins 101
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PRE-SME - Promoting Resource Effici
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PRE-SME - Promoting Resource Effici
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Table of Contents 1 THE PRE-SME PRO
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Table of Contents 10 LAWS, REGULATI
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6 One
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8 Two
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Total Population Land Area Figure 1
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When done properly, Resource Effici
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50 40 30 20 10 0 Sr Ag Sb Au Zn As
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It is evident that MIPS could be us
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Hazardous substances and dangerous
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20 Three
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Personnel from across the company c
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Purchased 10 kg Einkaufsmenge 10.0k
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3.4 Check In the ‘Check’ phase,
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1,2 1 Water consumption in litres p
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Case Study: Anodisieranstalt A. Heu
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Detailed assessment: Water efficien
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ivers are so badly polluted that no
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4.3 HOW: Implement a water saving p
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Step 3: Benchmark Performance Bench
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Case Study: Ngege Ltd, Uganda (Prep
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educe water use by 85%). Promote th
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Detailed assessment: Energy efficie
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120 100 History of Consumption Proj
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Step 1: Collect data The prime obje
Page 54 and 55: • 22°C reduction in flue gas tem
Page 56 and 57: • Paint ceilings and walls white.
Page 58 and 59: Detailed assessment: Materials effi
Page 60 and 61: Development of copper consumption T
Page 62 and 63: Quick Win Map Steps Explained Basic
Page 64 and 65: plastic grocery bag has been reduce
Page 66: • Clean air conditioning and refr
Page 69 and 70: Detailed assessment: Waste minimisa
Page 71 and 72: 7.2.3 Waste in numbers 62 Total was
Page 73 and 74: What Type of Waste Does Your Busine
Page 75 and 76: • Return obsolete materials to su
Page 77 and 78: Detailed assessment: Chemical effic
Page 79 and 80: ignited by a high energy source. It
Page 81 and 82: 8.2 WHY: Chemical efficiency benefi
Page 83 and 84: Exploding bomb Flame Flame over cir
Page 85 and 86: products and services are being del
Page 87 and 88: Severity scale (Impact on company i
Page 89 and 90: Examples: • Overalls, aprons, gow
Page 91 and 92: neighbours, etc. If you are in doub
Page 93 and 94: Benchmarks This chapter provides se
Page 95 and 96: 9.2 Benchmarks for the leather sect
Page 97 and 98: 9.3 Benchmarks for paper production
Page 99 and 100: Table 32 gives options for the redu
Page 101 and 102: Table 41 to Table 45 show electrici
Page 103: 9.6 Benchmarks for bread production
Page 107 and 108: Laws, regulations and standards 10.
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Page 111 and 112: Worksheet 1: Main products/services
Page 113 and 114: Worksheet 3: Energy data Company: R
Page 115 and 116: Worksheet 5: Flowchart (example) No
Page 117 and 118: Worksheet 7: Register of hazardous
Page 119 and 120: Worksheet 9: Risk assessment sheet
Page 121 and 122: Worksheet 11: Resource Efficiency p
Page 123 and 124: Worksheet 12: PRE-SME Report templa
Page 125 and 126: Worksheet 12: PRE-SME Report templa
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Page 129 and 130: 12.1 References Association for the
Page 131 and 132: UNEP, Safer Production, http://www.
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Page 135 and 136: 13.1 Unit Conversions APPROXIMATE C
Page 137 and 138: 13.2 Steam Tables of Water Absolute
Page 139 and 140: About the UNEP Division of Technolo
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