Promoting Resource Efficiency in Small & Medium size ... - UNEP

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Detailed assessment: Water efficiency Four 32
Detailed assessment: Water efficiency 4.1 WHAT: Problems related to water consumption of SMEs Water is crucial for the economy. Virtually every industry from agriculture, electric power generation and industrial manufacturing to tourism relies on it to grow and sustain their business. Clean freshwater is becoming scarce globally and there is every indication that it will become even more so in the future. Decreasing availability, declining quality and growing demand for water are creating significant challenges to businesses and investors who have previously taken clean, reliable and inexpensive water for granted. 4.1.1. Increasing demand for water Population growth and economic development are driving significant increases in agricultural and industrial demand for water. Agriculture accounts for more than two-thirds of global water use and as much as 90% in developing countries. Freshwater consumption worldwide has more than doubled since World War II and is expected to rise another 25% by 2030. Much growth is the result of expected increases in the world population from 6.6 billion currently to about 8 billion by 2030 and over 9 billion by 2050. 25 4.1.2. Water scarcity and unsustainable supply Water is already over exploited in many regions of the world. More than one-third of the world’s population – roughly 2.4 billion people – live in water-stressed countries and by 2025 the number is expected to rise to two-thirds. Groundwater tables and river levels are receding in many parts of the world due to human water use. In India, for example, farmers are now using nearly 80% of the country’s available water, largely from groundwater wells; at current rates, the World Bank estimates that India will have exhausted available water supplies by 2050. Rainwater harvesting, made compulsory in Delhi in 2001 by a court order, has not been implemented as would have been desired, even though all government buildings with a built-up area of more than 100 m 2 , all roads and flyovers, cooperative group housing societies and farmhouses are required to have rainwater harvesting. According to the latest survey by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), of the 178 wells inspected in Delhi, 129 receded or have dried-up in the last year. Regions affected by drought also are increasing. The percentage of global land classified as ‘very dry’ has doubled since the 1970s, including large parts of Africa and Australia. Natural water storage capacity and long-term annual river flows are also declining, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, due to glacial/snow cap melting. Glacial melting in the Himalayas is one of the reasons that many of Asia’s largest rivers, which have their source in the Himalayas, are projected to recede in coming decades. 4.1.3. Declining water quality Declining water quality is an acute problem around the world, particularly in developing countries where there are notable increases in agricultural and industrial production, coupled with a lack of adequate wastewater treatment. 26 In many developing countries, waterways traditionally used for drinking water or other community needs have been heavily contaminated. In China, many 25) Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, undated 26) “Water Scarcity & climate change: Growing Risks for Businesses & Investors”, February 2009, A Ceres Report 33
Page 1 and 2: PRE-SME - Promoting Resource Effici
Page 3 and 4: PRE-SME - Promoting Resource Effici
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents 1 THE PRE-SME PRO
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents 10 LAWS, REGULATI
Page 10 and 11: 6 One
Page 12 and 13: 8 Two
Page 14 and 15: Total Population Land Area Figure 1
Page 16 and 17: When done properly, Resource Effici
Page 18 and 19: 50 40 30 20 10 0 Sr Ag Sb Au Zn As
Page 20 and 21: It is evident that MIPS could be us
Page 22 and 23: Hazardous substances and dangerous
Page 24 and 25: 20 Three
Page 26 and 27: Personnel from across the company c
Page 28 and 29: Purchased 10 kg Einkaufsmenge 10.0k
Page 30 and 31: 3.4 Check In the ‘Check’ phase,
Page 32 and 33: 1,2 1 Water consumption in litres p
Page 34 and 35: Case Study: Anodisieranstalt A. Heu
Page 38 and 39: ivers are so badly polluted that no
Page 40 and 41: 4.3 HOW: Implement a water saving p
Page 42 and 43: Step 3: Benchmark Performance Bench
Page 44 and 45: Case Study: Ngege Ltd, Uganda (Prep
Page 46 and 47: educe water use by 85%). Promote th
Page 48 and 49: Detailed assessment: Energy efficie
Page 50 and 51: 120 100 History of Consumption Proj
Page 52 and 53: Step 1: Collect data The prime obje
Page 54 and 55: • 22°C reduction in flue gas tem
Page 56 and 57: • Paint ceilings and walls white.
Page 58 and 59: Detailed assessment: Materials effi
Page 60 and 61: Development of copper consumption T
Page 62 and 63: Quick Win Map Steps Explained Basic
Page 64 and 65: plastic grocery bag has been reduce
Page 66: • Clean air conditioning and refr
Page 69 and 70: Detailed assessment: Waste minimisa
Page 71 and 72: 7.2.3 Waste in numbers 62 Total was
Page 73 and 74: What Type of Waste Does Your Busine
Page 75 and 76: • Return obsolete materials to su
Page 77 and 78: Detailed assessment: Chemical effic
Page 79 and 80: ignited by a high energy source. It
Page 81 and 82: 8.2 WHY: Chemical efficiency benefi
Page 83 and 84: Exploding bomb Flame Flame over cir
Page 85 and 86: products and services are being del
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Severity scale (Impact on company i
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Examples: • Overalls, aprons, gow
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neighbours, etc. If you are in doub
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Benchmarks This chapter provides se
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9.2 Benchmarks for the leather sect
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9.3 Benchmarks for paper production
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Table 32 gives options for the redu
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Table 41 to Table 45 show electrici
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9.6 Benchmarks for bread production
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Years manufactured Gravity tank sty
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Laws, regulations and standards 10.
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105
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Worksheet 1: Main products/services
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Worksheet 3: Energy data Company: R
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Worksheet 5: Flowchart (example) No
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Worksheet 7: Register of hazardous
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Worksheet 9: Risk assessment sheet
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Worksheet 11: Resource Efficiency p
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Worksheet 12: PRE-SME Report templa
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Worksheet 12: PRE-SME Report templa
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123
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12.1 References Association for the
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UNEP, Safer Production, http://www.
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13.1 Unit Conversions APPROXIMATE C
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13.2 Steam Tables of Water Absolute
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About the UNEP Division of Technolo
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