Promoting Resource Efficiency in Small & Medium size ... - UNEP

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Detailed assessment: Energy efficiency Five 44
Detailed assessment: Energy efficiency 5.1 WHAT: Problems related to energy consumption in SMEs Carbon is the problem, not energy The main problem is not that we use energy, but how we produce and consume energy. As long as we continue to cover our energy needs primarily by combustion of fossil fuels or with nuclear reactors – which release carbon and GHG into the atmosphere or create toxic waste that cannot be re-absorbed by the planet – we are going to have environmental and social problems. In 2005, worldwide per capita consumption of energy was 1,778 kg of oil equivalent. This figure includes all fuel used by industry, commerce and households. It also includes large quantities of wood and other biological fuels used mostly in developing countries. The figure of 1,778 kg of oil equivalent per person is an average for the world’s population that conceals tremendous regional differences (e.g. 7,886 kg for the United States compared to 1,052 kg for the average of Asia or 1,766 kg for the average of the Middle East and Northern Africa). The consequence of this type of energy consumption is global warming and the lack of fossil fuels in the future. 31 According to Figure 30 by 2015, oil use is expected to exceed 100 million barrels per day, a consumption rate 50% greater than in 1995. That is why the international community is taking action; for example, Europe has implemented a CO2-capping strategy and a carbon trading scheme. The effect of carbon on macro level Eleven of the last twelve years (1995–2006) rank among the twelve warmest years in the instrumental record of global surface temperature (since 1850). Observations since 1961 show that the average temperature of the global ocean has increased to depths of at least 3000 m and that the ocean has been absorbing more than 80% of the heat added to the climate system. Such warming causes seawater to expand, contributing to sea-level rise. Mountain glaciers and snow cover have declined on average in both hemispheres and widespread decreases in glaciers and ice caps have contributed to sea-level rise. 32 Supply problems Many countries, especially in Asia, suffer from a severe shortage of electric capacity. According to the World Bank, roughly 40% of residences in India are without electricity. In addition, blackouts are a common occurrence throughout the country’s main cities. The World Bank also reports that one-third of Indian businesses believe that unreliable electricity is one of their primary impediments to doing business. Further compounding the situation is that total demand for electricity in the country continues to rise and is outpacing increases in capacity. Adequate additional capacity has failed to materialise in India because of market regulations, insufficient investment in the sector, and difficulty in obtaining environmental approval and funding for hydropower projects. In addition, coal shortages are further straining power generation capabilities. 31) International Energy Agency (IEA) Statistics Division. 2007. Energy Balances of OECD Countries (2008 edition) and Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries (2007 edition) 32) IPCC, Direct Observations of Recent Climate Change, 2007 45
Page 1 and 2: PRE-SME - Promoting Resource Effici
Page 3 and 4: PRE-SME - Promoting Resource Effici
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents 1 THE PRE-SME PRO
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents 10 LAWS, REGULATI
Page 10 and 11: 6 One
Page 12 and 13: 8 Two
Page 14 and 15: Total Population Land Area Figure 1
Page 16 and 17: When done properly, Resource Effici
Page 18 and 19: 50 40 30 20 10 0 Sr Ag Sb Au Zn As
Page 20 and 21: It is evident that MIPS could be us
Page 22 and 23: Hazardous substances and dangerous
Page 24 and 25: 20 Three
Page 26 and 27: Personnel from across the company c
Page 28 and 29: Purchased 10 kg Einkaufsmenge 10.0k
Page 30 and 31: 3.4 Check In the ‘Check’ phase,
Page 32 and 33: 1,2 1 Water consumption in litres p
Page 34 and 35: Case Study: Anodisieranstalt A. Heu
Page 36 and 37: Detailed assessment: Water efficien
Page 38 and 39: ivers are so badly polluted that no
Page 40 and 41: 4.3 HOW: Implement a water saving p
Page 42 and 43: Step 3: Benchmark Performance Bench
Page 44 and 45: Case Study: Ngege Ltd, Uganda (Prep
Page 46 and 47: educe water use by 85%). Promote th
Page 50 and 51: 120 100 History of Consumption Proj
Page 52 and 53: Step 1: Collect data The prime obje
Page 54 and 55: • 22°C reduction in flue gas tem
Page 56 and 57: • Paint ceilings and walls white.
Page 58 and 59: Detailed assessment: Materials effi
Page 60 and 61: Development of copper consumption T
Page 62 and 63: Quick Win Map Steps Explained Basic
Page 64 and 65: plastic grocery bag has been reduce
Page 66: • Clean air conditioning and refr
Page 69 and 70: Detailed assessment: Waste minimisa
Page 71 and 72: 7.2.3 Waste in numbers 62 Total was
Page 73 and 74: What Type of Waste Does Your Busine
Page 75 and 76: • Return obsolete materials to su
Page 77 and 78: Detailed assessment: Chemical effic
Page 79 and 80: ignited by a high energy source. It
Page 81 and 82: 8.2 WHY: Chemical efficiency benefi
Page 83 and 84: Exploding bomb Flame Flame over cir
Page 85 and 86: products and services are being del
Page 87 and 88: Severity scale (Impact on company i
Page 89 and 90: Examples: • Overalls, aprons, gow
Page 91 and 92: neighbours, etc. If you are in doub
Page 93 and 94: Benchmarks This chapter provides se
Page 95 and 96: 9.2 Benchmarks for the leather sect
Page 97 and 98: 9.3 Benchmarks for paper production
Page 99 and 100:
Table 32 gives options for the redu
Page 101 and 102:
Table 41 to Table 45 show electrici
Page 103 and 104:
9.6 Benchmarks for bread production
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Years manufactured Gravity tank sty
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Laws, regulations and standards 10.
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105
Page 111 and 112:
Worksheet 1: Main products/services
Page 113 and 114:
Worksheet 3: Energy data Company: R
Page 115 and 116:
Worksheet 5: Flowchart (example) No
Page 117 and 118:
Worksheet 7: Register of hazardous
Page 119 and 120:
Worksheet 9: Risk assessment sheet
Page 121 and 122:
Worksheet 11: Resource Efficiency p
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Worksheet 12: PRE-SME Report templa
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Worksheet 12: PRE-SME Report templa
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123
Page 129 and 130:
12.1 References Association for the
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UNEP, Safer Production, http://www.
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129
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13.1 Unit Conversions APPROXIMATE C
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13.2 Steam Tables of Water Absolute
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About the UNEP Division of Technolo
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