Promoting Resource Efficiency in Small & Medium size ... - UNEP

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• Waste incineration Incineration of waste mineralises it and reduces the volume of solid residuals. Incineration results in the output of other waste streams such as: air emissions, ash, slag, heat, etc. that should be treated separately. Types of controlled incineration processes include: - Low-temperature (municipal) waste incinerators - High-temperature waste incinerators - Cement kilns • Sanitary landfill Sanitary landfills provide outlets for the ultimate disposal of waste generated. A sanitary landfill is a controlled area of land on which waste is disposed of, in accordance with standards, rules or orders established by a regulatory body. Waste material is placed in trenches or on land, compacted by mechanical equipment and covered with earth and a final cover. Within the category of sanitary landfill three technologies can be distinguished: - Bioactive sanitary landfills – The material is of non-mineral quality. It is reactive and therefore needs extensive control systems covering the operational, closure and post-closure phase. The chemical composition of the residues is not known (sludges from mixed waste water treatment, mixed laboratory waste). - Sanitary landfills for stabilsed residues – Similar to bioactive sanitary landfills, but for materials that will not form either gases or water-soluble substances when in contact with water, air or other stabilised residues. The chemical composition of the residues is well known (household residues after separating biowaste, plastics, paper). - Sanitary landfills for inert materials – The material is inert. Therefore the landfill needs no control systems during the operation phase, closure and post-closure phase (concrete). • Open dumpsite An open dumpsite is an uncontrolled area of land on which waste is disposed, either legally or illegally. • Special cases: Pre-treatment and temporary on-site storage of waste - Pre-treatment processes prepare waste for incineration or landfill. For the purpose of this manual, pre-treatment does not constitute a separate category of waste treatment technology. Waste that undergoes external pre-treatment is dealt with under waste incineration and landfill. If the path is not known and documented, landfill is assumed. - Temporary on-site storage - Waste that is temporary stored on-site and for which the treatment technology is not yet known constitutes a separate category of waste treatment technology. The reporting entity should give special attention to include adequate information on the technology used and the processes involved in on-site storage. 7.2 WHY: Waste minimisation benefits for SMEs 7.2.1 Contaminated land As early as 1996, a worldwide survey by UNEP showed that all countries are susceptible to land contamination from a wide range of industrial activities. Household waste increasingly contains chemical residues from domestic cleaning and other products. It should be stressed that because of the high cost of remediation of contaminated land, pollution prevention programmes are a preferred strategy for waste management. 7.2.2 Waste concerns 61 Collecting, recycling, treating and disposing of increasing quantities of solid waste and wastewater remains a major challenge for developed and developing countries alike. Growing landfills around the world mirror the global trends of increasing population, prosperity and urbanisation. What is more worrying is excessive waste generation itself: finite resources are transformed into single-use, GHG-emitting goods that all too quickly end up in landfills. At the same time, there is a growing realisation that waste can be a resource too. Overall, the waste sector contributes less than 5% of global GHG emissions. The largest source is landfill methane (CH 4 ), followed by wastewater CH 4 and nitrous oxide (N 2 O). Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) contributes to climate change; a major source is human sewage and emissions that occur during the wastewater treatment process. Methane is also emitted during wastewater transport, sewage treatment processes and leakages from anaerobic digestion of waste or wastewater sludge. In addition, minor emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emerge when waste containing fossil carbon is burnt (e.g. plastics; synthetic textiles) and by the non-biomass portion of incinerated waste. Open burning of waste in developing countries is a significant local source of air pollution, constituting a health risk for nearby communities. Composting and other biological treatments emit very small quantities of GHGs. It is worth noting that landfill emissions continue several decades after the waste is disposed in them, which makes it difficult to estimate emission trends. 61) UNEP, Climate Neutral Network, Waste, undated 66
7.2.3 Waste in numbers 62 Total waste generation in selected OECD countries in mid-1990s Kg per person per year 60 Finland Ireland 50 40 30 20 10 0 Sweden United Kingdom Hungary Spain Austria The Netherelands Czech. Rep. Japan Slovakia Belgium South Korea Poland Greece Denmark Switzerland Norway Portugal Iceland Luxemburg Figure 37: Total waste generation in selected OECD countries in mid-1990s Figure 38: Total hazardous and other waste generation as reported by the Parties to the Basel Convention in 2001 62) Vital Waste Graphics, Basel Convention, Nairobi 2004 67
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PRE-SME - Promoting Resource Effici
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PRE-SME - Promoting Resource Effici
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Table of Contents 1 THE PRE-SME PRO
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Table of Contents 10 LAWS, REGULATI
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6 One
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8 Two
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Total Population Land Area Figure 1
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When done properly, Resource Effici
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50 40 30 20 10 0 Sr Ag Sb Au Zn As
Page 20 and 21: It is evident that MIPS could be us
Page 22 and 23: Hazardous substances and dangerous
Page 24 and 25: 20 Three
Page 26 and 27: Personnel from across the company c
Page 28 and 29: Purchased 10 kg Einkaufsmenge 10.0k
Page 30 and 31: 3.4 Check In the ‘Check’ phase,
Page 32 and 33: 1,2 1 Water consumption in litres p
Page 34 and 35: Case Study: Anodisieranstalt A. Heu
Page 36 and 37: Detailed assessment: Water efficien
Page 38 and 39: ivers are so badly polluted that no
Page 40 and 41: 4.3 HOW: Implement a water saving p
Page 42 and 43: Step 3: Benchmark Performance Bench
Page 44 and 45: Case Study: Ngege Ltd, Uganda (Prep
Page 46 and 47: educe water use by 85%). Promote th
Page 48 and 49: Detailed assessment: Energy efficie
Page 50 and 51: 120 100 History of Consumption Proj
Page 52 and 53: Step 1: Collect data The prime obje
Page 54 and 55: • 22°C reduction in flue gas tem
Page 56 and 57: • Paint ceilings and walls white.
Page 58 and 59: Detailed assessment: Materials effi
Page 60 and 61: Development of copper consumption T
Page 62 and 63: Quick Win Map Steps Explained Basic
Page 64 and 65: plastic grocery bag has been reduce
Page 66: • Clean air conditioning and refr
Page 69: Detailed assessment: Waste minimisa
Page 73 and 74: What Type of Waste Does Your Busine
Page 75 and 76: • Return obsolete materials to su
Page 77 and 78: Detailed assessment: Chemical effic
Page 79 and 80: ignited by a high energy source. It
Page 81 and 82: 8.2 WHY: Chemical efficiency benefi
Page 83 and 84: Exploding bomb Flame Flame over cir
Page 85 and 86: products and services are being del
Page 87 and 88: Severity scale (Impact on company i
Page 89 and 90: Examples: • Overalls, aprons, gow
Page 91 and 92: neighbours, etc. If you are in doub
Page 93 and 94: Benchmarks This chapter provides se
Page 95 and 96: 9.2 Benchmarks for the leather sect
Page 97 and 98: 9.3 Benchmarks for paper production
Page 99 and 100: Table 32 gives options for the redu
Page 101 and 102: Table 41 to Table 45 show electrici
Page 103 and 104: 9.6 Benchmarks for bread production
Page 105 and 106: Years manufactured Gravity tank sty
Page 107 and 108: Laws, regulations and standards 10.
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Page 111 and 112: Worksheet 1: Main products/services
Page 113 and 114: Worksheet 3: Energy data Company: R
Page 115 and 116: Worksheet 5: Flowchart (example) No
Page 117 and 118: Worksheet 7: Register of hazardous
Page 119 and 120: Worksheet 9: Risk assessment sheet
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Worksheet 11: Resource Efficiency p
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Worksheet 12: PRE-SME Report templa
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Worksheet 12: PRE-SME Report templa
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12.1 References Association for the
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UNEP, Safer Production, http://www.
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13.1 Unit Conversions APPROXIMATE C
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13.2 Steam Tables of Water Absolute
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About the UNEP Division of Technolo
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