Promoting Resource Efficiency in Small & Medium size ... - UNEP

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Table 25 gives benchmarks for the waste water generation and waste water load from the different process stages of sheep skin tanning. Water l/ skin SS g/skin COD g/skin BOD5 g/ skin TKN g/skin S 2 - g/skin Cr 3 + g/skin CΓ g/skin SO 42 - g/ skin TDS g/skin Sheepskins Beamhouse 65 – 150 150 – 300 250 – 600 100 – 260 15 – 30 6 – 20 150 – 400 5 – 40 Degreasing – Tanning 30 – 70 15 – 30 50 – 300 20 – 100 4 – 10 8 – 12 40 – 200 30 – 50 Post-tanning 15 – 35 10 – 20 30 – 100 15 – 35 2 – 4 1 – 3 20 – 40 10 – 20 Finishing 0 – 10 0 – 2 0 – 5 0 – 2 TOTAL 110 – 265 175 – 352 330 – 1005 135 – 397 21 – 44 6 – 20 9 – 15 210 – 640 45 – 110 Wool-on sheepskins Beamhouse 220 100 550 150 16 400 600 Tanning operations Dyeing operations 40 15 150 45 2 15 460 650 100 80 80 25 3 5 50 270 TOTAL 360 195 780 220 21 20 910 1520 Table 25: Achievable specific water consumption levels for dyeing cotton and viscose Table 26 gives benchmarks for the wastewater generation and wastewater load from the different process stages of bovine hide tanning. No. Operation 1 Soaking 2 Liming and rinsing 3 De-liming Bating Rinsing 4 Pickling and chrome tanning 5 6 7 8 Dripping Samming Washing Neutralising Washing Re-tanning Dyeing Fat liquoring Washing Samming 9 Finishing Chemicals used, composition and volume of effluents Chemicals used and effluent Concentration [mg/l] constituents Alkali, wetting agents, biocides (AOX), dung, blood, soluble protein, curing salt Lime, alkali sulphides, thio alcohols, enzymes, residual protein from hair and skin, emulsified fat, degradation products Ammonium salts, oxalates, citrates, CO 2 , enzymes, epidermis-, hair- and pigment residues, non collagenic proteins, soluble Ca salts Pickling salts (NaCl), organic and inorganic acids, Cr (III) salts, sodium carbonate, fat, fungicides, leather fibres COD 2500 – 10000 BOD 5 1800 – 2300 pH 7 – 10 COD 17000 – 25000 BOD 5 ca. 3000 pH 12 – 13 Sulphide 600 – 4000 COD up to 10000 BOD 5 800 – 1700 pH 7 – 9 Sulphide ca. 50 COD up to 10000 BOD 5 350 - 1500 pH 3 - 4 Cr (III) up to 5000 Effluent volume [m³/t] raw hides 2 - 4 3 – 8 1 – 4 0.5 – 3 Residues from 4 As under 4 Ca. 0.2 Organic and inorganic acids, alkali salts, tanning agents for neutralisation, Cr (III) salts, leather fibres Formic acid, Cr (III) and/or Zr salts, Al salts, vegetable and synthetic tanning agents, dyes, fat, ammonia (AOX) COD 1000 – 4000 BOD 5 ca. 150 pH 4 – 6 COD 8000 – 22000 BOD 5 ca. 800 pH 4 – 5 Cr (III) -500 Ca. 3 – 6 Ca. 2- 6 Residues from 7 As under 7 3 – 5 Lacquer polymers, solvents (lacquering with wet separator), dye and lacquer sludge, emulsifiers 150 45 Total 15 - 30 Table 26: Manufacture of chrome leather from bovine hides 92
9.3 Benchmarks for paper production Table 27 gives benchmarks for the water consumption for different types of products for paper mills. Process Specific water consumption [m³/t]* Uncoated folding boxboard 2 – 10 Coated folding boxboard 7 – 15 Corrugated medium & packaging paper 1.5 – 10 Newsprint 10 – 20 Tissue 5 – 100 Writing and printing paper 7 – 20 Table 27: Water consumption in the paper industry Notes: * It has been noted that about 1.5 m³ water per tonne of paper is vaporised in the dryer section of the paper machine, this means that it does not appear as wastewater. Table 28 gives benchmarks for the water discharge for different types of products for paper mills. Paper grade Water discharge [m³/t] Remarks Tissue 10 1 – 50 For recycled fibre based tissue: includes fibre processing Printing/writing, uncoated 51 – 402 May include water used in pulp processing Printing/writing, coated 51 – 50 May include water used in pulp processing Paper board 01 – 20 Includes water used in pulp processing Speciality paper 10 – 3003 Table 28: Water discharge in European mills Notes: 1) The lower end of the range is changed by EIPPCB according to current performance data 2) The higher end of the range is changed by EIPPCB because the given figure of 90 m³/ADt seems to be unrealistically high 3) The higher end of the range is changed by EIPPCB because the given figure of 400 m³/ADt seems to be unrealistically high Table 29 and Table 30 give benchmarks for the energy consumption for different types of products for paper mills. Type of mill Process heat consumption (net) in GJ/ADt Non-integrated bleached sulphite pulp 16 – 18 0.7 – 0.8 Integrated bleached sulphite pulp and coated fine paper Integrated bleached sulphite pulp and uncoated fine paper Table 29: Heat and power consumption in paper-making Power consumption (net) in MWh/ADt Remarks 17 – 23 1.5 – 1.75 Paper drying is more energy consuming than pulp drying 18 – 24 1.2 – 1.5 Fillers and surface size 10 – 30% Notes: The units can be converted from MWh to GJ according to 1 MWh = 3.6 GJ and 1 GJ = 0.277 MWh 93
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PRE-SME - Promoting Resource Effici
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PRE-SME - Promoting Resource Effici
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Table of Contents 1 THE PRE-SME PRO
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Table of Contents 10 LAWS, REGULATI
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6 One
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8 Two
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Total Population Land Area Figure 1
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When done properly, Resource Effici
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50 40 30 20 10 0 Sr Ag Sb Au Zn As
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It is evident that MIPS could be us
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Hazardous substances and dangerous
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20 Three
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Personnel from across the company c
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Purchased 10 kg Einkaufsmenge 10.0k
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3.4 Check In the ‘Check’ phase,
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1,2 1 Water consumption in litres p
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Case Study: Anodisieranstalt A. Heu
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Detailed assessment: Water efficien
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ivers are so badly polluted that no
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4.3 HOW: Implement a water saving p
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Step 3: Benchmark Performance Bench
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Case Study: Ngege Ltd, Uganda (Prep
Page 46 and 47: educe water use by 85%). Promote th
Page 48 and 49: Detailed assessment: Energy efficie
Page 50 and 51: 120 100 History of Consumption Proj
Page 52 and 53: Step 1: Collect data The prime obje
Page 54 and 55: • 22°C reduction in flue gas tem
Page 56 and 57: • Paint ceilings and walls white.
Page 58 and 59: Detailed assessment: Materials effi
Page 60 and 61: Development of copper consumption T
Page 62 and 63: Quick Win Map Steps Explained Basic
Page 64 and 65: plastic grocery bag has been reduce
Page 66: • Clean air conditioning and refr
Page 69 and 70: Detailed assessment: Waste minimisa
Page 71 and 72: 7.2.3 Waste in numbers 62 Total was
Page 73 and 74: What Type of Waste Does Your Busine
Page 75 and 76: • Return obsolete materials to su
Page 77 and 78: Detailed assessment: Chemical effic
Page 79 and 80: ignited by a high energy source. It
Page 81 and 82: 8.2 WHY: Chemical efficiency benefi
Page 83 and 84: Exploding bomb Flame Flame over cir
Page 85 and 86: products and services are being del
Page 87 and 88: Severity scale (Impact on company i
Page 89 and 90: Examples: • Overalls, aprons, gow
Page 91 and 92: neighbours, etc. If you are in doub
Page 93 and 94: Benchmarks This chapter provides se
Page 95: 9.2 Benchmarks for the leather sect
Page 99 and 100: Table 32 gives options for the redu
Page 101 and 102: Table 41 to Table 45 show electrici
Page 103 and 104: 9.6 Benchmarks for bread production
Page 105 and 106: Years manufactured Gravity tank sty
Page 107 and 108: Laws, regulations and standards 10.
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Page 111 and 112: Worksheet 1: Main products/services
Page 113 and 114: Worksheet 3: Energy data Company: R
Page 115 and 116: Worksheet 5: Flowchart (example) No
Page 117 and 118: Worksheet 7: Register of hazardous
Page 119 and 120: Worksheet 9: Risk assessment sheet
Page 121 and 122: Worksheet 11: Resource Efficiency p
Page 123 and 124: Worksheet 12: PRE-SME Report templa
Page 125 and 126: Worksheet 12: PRE-SME Report templa
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Page 129 and 130: 12.1 References Association for the
Page 131 and 132: UNEP, Safer Production, http://www.
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Page 135 and 136: 13.1 Unit Conversions APPROXIMATE C
Page 137 and 138: 13.2 Steam Tables of Water Absolute
Page 139 and 140: About the UNEP Division of Technolo
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Promoting Resource Efficiency in Small & Medium size ... - UNEP

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