Promoting Resource Efficiency in Small & Medium size ... - UNEP

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4.3 HOW: Implement a water saving programme Quick Win Map Explanation Tools (in the electronic version of the toolkit) Step 1: Draw a Water Flowchart Step 2: Collect Data Identify all uses of water by creating a water flowchart Collect and measure consumption data using resources available and log it Advanced Reference (in electronic version) Water Flowchart • Water Flowchart (with examples and templates to fill in) • Flowcharter (Programme link) • Guide to Water Balance Collect Data • Data Entry Form (see advanced reference “ Water Flowchart”) Step 3: Benchmark Performance Step 4: Consider Options Step 5: Evaluate Option and Implement Program Benchmark your consumption with best practice to determine improvement potential Consider options towards improving the plant’s water efficiency from literature, other industries’ experiences and/ or recommendations from RE, CP and SP service providers. Also undergo brainstorming sessions with your team. Evaluate option, compile and implement programme (link to PDCA) Benchmark Performance • Sectoral Benchmark • Unit Process Benchmark Consider Options • Option Evaluation Worksheet • Further detailed process and sector related options see Virtual Assessment Link to DO-phase Table 10: Quick Win Map for reducing water consumption A water efficiency programme starts with a bird’s-eye view of water consumption. Draft a flowchart showing the water flows as suggested at the top of Table 10. Then take measurements to fill the flowchart with data. Benchmark water efficiency on the basis of specific water consumption per production unit. With this data on hand, options for reduction will become obvious. Selected options will be organised in the action plan, which is part of the PDCA-cycle. Step 1: Draw a Water Flowchart To identify potential water efficiency opportunities, it is first necessary to gain a thorough understanding of the site’s water uses through a water assessment. The first important task is to construct a water flow diagram, which identifies all water use from its source through the on-site processes, machines, buildings and landscape irrigation to evaporation and wastewater discharge. For further information on how to draw a water flowchart, please click on the advanced reference “Water Flowchart” on the Quick Win Map in the electronic resourcekit and follow the instructions. Step 2: Collect Data Once all types of sources, uses and discharges of water have been identified, it is necessary to quantify all single mass flows. Compared to many other material flows, collecting data of water consumption is relatively easy because the following documents or tools are in most cases available: • Annual payment to provider or to disposal companies • Water meter, water counter • Rotameter • Design specifications by manufactures of equipment • Indicators 28 • Ultrasonic flow meter • The bucket method • Measuring wastewater e.g. by using the V-notch method To account for all uses in the water balance, the total inflow should equal the total outflow plus irrigation, evaporation and other water losses. In case water meters are not available to measure the consumption in single departments or at individual machines, use the bucket and a stopwatch to identify the water flow (Figure 25). Use any bucket where you know the capacity or measure the capacity of the bucket before further steps (e.g. 10 liters or 2.5 gal). Take the bucket and fill the bucket with the hose where you want to know the flow. Count the time in seconds (e.g. 20 seconds) Divide the capacity by the time in seconds. You will get the water flow from the hose in litres per second or gallons per second. An example: 10 litres / 20 seconds = 0.5 litres per second.. To get the water flow (from per second) to per minute: multiply by 60 (60 seconds per one minute), per hour: multiply by 3,600 (3,600 seconds per one hour) per day: multiply by 86,400 (86,400 seconds per one day). Figure 25: Measuring water volume with a bucket and a watch 28) UNIDO Cleaner Production Toolkit, Textbook Material flow analysis, 2008. 36
The following data and charts can help to identify data on water losses due to leaks, open hoses, evaporation losses: • Water loss by drips per second • Loss by drips from hose • Evaporation losses from open tanks Figure 26: Using a Vnotch to measure water flows An alternative might be measuring the change in the level of the water tank (switch off the supply pump and measure the level drop in a certain time e.g. by using a dip stick, then calculate the volume flow from the difference in level and the cross section and the time elapsed). If you can install a Vnotch in the sewer, you can calculate the water flow as shown in Figure 26. No. Drips per second Litre per minute 1 .0.23 2 .045 3 .068 4 .091 5 .114 5 drips per second is a steady steam. Table 11: Water loss by drips per second Hole size (mm) Water loss (m 3 /day) Water loss (m 3 /year) 0.5 0.4 140 1 1.2 430 2 3.7 1300 4 18 6400 6 47 17,000 Table 12: Relation between size of leaks and water loss Figure 27: Using an open hose for floor cleaning 29 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 40 50 60 70 80 90 Temperature of process solution °C Figure 28: Evaporation losses from open tanks 30 29) Fresner J., own picture 30) Fresner J., Bürki T., Sittel H., Ressourceneffizienz in der Produktion – Kosten senken durch Cleaner Production, ISBN 3939707481, 2009 37
Page 1 and 2: PRE-SME - Promoting Resource Effici
Page 3 and 4: PRE-SME - Promoting Resource Effici
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents 1 THE PRE-SME PRO
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents 10 LAWS, REGULATI
Page 10 and 11: 6 One
Page 12 and 13: 8 Two
Page 14 and 15: Total Population Land Area Figure 1
Page 16 and 17: When done properly, Resource Effici
Page 18 and 19: 50 40 30 20 10 0 Sr Ag Sb Au Zn As
Page 20 and 21: It is evident that MIPS could be us
Page 22 and 23: Hazardous substances and dangerous
Page 24 and 25: 20 Three
Page 26 and 27: Personnel from across the company c
Page 28 and 29: Purchased 10 kg Einkaufsmenge 10.0k
Page 30 and 31: 3.4 Check In the ‘Check’ phase,
Page 32 and 33: 1,2 1 Water consumption in litres p
Page 34 and 35: Case Study: Anodisieranstalt A. Heu
Page 36 and 37: Detailed assessment: Water efficien
Page 38 and 39: ivers are so badly polluted that no
Page 42 and 43: Step 3: Benchmark Performance Bench
Page 44 and 45: Case Study: Ngege Ltd, Uganda (Prep
Page 46 and 47: educe water use by 85%). Promote th
Page 48 and 49: Detailed assessment: Energy efficie
Page 50 and 51: 120 100 History of Consumption Proj
Page 52 and 53: Step 1: Collect data The prime obje
Page 54 and 55: • 22°C reduction in flue gas tem
Page 56 and 57: • Paint ceilings and walls white.
Page 58 and 59: Detailed assessment: Materials effi
Page 60 and 61: Development of copper consumption T
Page 62 and 63: Quick Win Map Steps Explained Basic
Page 64 and 65: plastic grocery bag has been reduce
Page 66: • Clean air conditioning and refr
Page 69 and 70: Detailed assessment: Waste minimisa
Page 71 and 72: 7.2.3 Waste in numbers 62 Total was
Page 73 and 74: What Type of Waste Does Your Busine
Page 75 and 76: • Return obsolete materials to su
Page 77 and 78: Detailed assessment: Chemical effic
Page 79 and 80: ignited by a high energy source. It
Page 81 and 82: 8.2 WHY: Chemical efficiency benefi
Page 83 and 84: Exploding bomb Flame Flame over cir
Page 85 and 86: products and services are being del
Page 87 and 88: Severity scale (Impact on company i
Page 89 and 90: Examples: • Overalls, aprons, gow
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neighbours, etc. If you are in doub
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Benchmarks This chapter provides se
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9.2 Benchmarks for the leather sect
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9.3 Benchmarks for paper production
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Table 32 gives options for the redu
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Table 41 to Table 45 show electrici
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9.6 Benchmarks for bread production
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Years manufactured Gravity tank sty
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Laws, regulations and standards 10.
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105
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Worksheet 1: Main products/services
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Worksheet 3: Energy data Company: R
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Worksheet 5: Flowchart (example) No
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Worksheet 7: Register of hazardous
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Worksheet 9: Risk assessment sheet
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Worksheet 11: Resource Efficiency p
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Worksheet 12: PRE-SME Report templa
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Worksheet 12: PRE-SME Report templa
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12.1 References Association for the
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UNEP, Safer Production, http://www.
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13.1 Unit Conversions APPROXIMATE C
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13.2 Steam Tables of Water Absolute
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About the UNEP Division of Technolo
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