Promoting Resource Efficiency in Small & Medium size ... - UNEP

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plastic grocery bag has been reduced from 30 microns to 18 microns. 53 Industrial light weighting has contributed substantially to improving material efficiency in the last few decades and to stabilising, but not reducing, total material requirements (see Figure 24). However, there is probably a limited opportunity for much more light weighting (distinct from material substitution) in today’s products, perhaps with the exception of electronics, which are a modest but growing component of waste (considered below). 53 With respect to material efficiency, increased recycling generally appears to offer the greatest potential for further progress, with material substitution contributing to ecoefficiency. Additionally, industrial light weighting is driven by internal production economics, production technologies and raw material prices, with limited influence from public policies. Light weighting will therefore not be analysed in detail here. 54 • Recycling waste materials back into industrial production, as noted above, not only reduces requirements for the extraction and processing of virgin natural resources, but also saves much of the energy consumed by extraction and processing, and reduces the amount of waste going to landfills or incineration. It is therefore an important contributor to material efficiency. 55 - Internal recycling (closing water circuits, recycling valuable materials within the company, etc.) - External recycling (recycling of scrap, composting biodegradable materials, etc.) Product modification Product modification can be an important approach although sometimes hard to realise. • Change of materials - Example: aerosol substitutes in refrigerating agents • Use of recycled materials - Example: leather fibre scraps as filling material in leather production; granulated recycled plastic for the production of bumpers • Avoidance of hazardous components - Example: asbestos as heat insulator in irons Substitution or change of raw and processed materials There is a whole range of possibilities available for substituting or changing raw or processed materials, which include the following measures: • Substitution of organic solvents by aqueous agents - Examples: hydro soluble varnishes, water-based alkaline cleaning agents for metal degreasing. • Substitution of halogenated solvents - Examples: substitution of aerosols in cleaning units, in the production of insulating materials and cooling units; halogen-free hydrocarbon solvents in dry cleaning instead of perchloroethylene (per) • Substitution of petrochemical by biochemical products - Examples: cleaning agents of a soy or rape basis; natural dyeing substances instead of dyeing agents with petrochemical basis; lubricants with a biological basis • Selection of materials with less impurities - Examples: fuels containing less sulphur (natural gas instead of coal); minerals containing less hazardous substances; use of clearly separated corrugated board in the packaging industry; use of de-ionized water to prepare process solutions • Use of residues as raw materials - Example: use of fibre sludge from chemical pulp production for the brick industry, products from recycled materials (glass, paper, etc.) • Use of biodegradable materials - Example: biodegradable detergents • Reduction in the number of components - Examples: less plastic in car manufacture; use of standardised screws for assembly of do-it-yourself furniture • Use of heavy-metal free substances - Example: heavy-metal free substances in paints and varnishes (especially lead and cadmium) • In general: use of less toxic materials - Examples: cyanide-free galvanizing; chromating on the basis of chrome (III) instead of chrome (VI) • Returnable packs - Examples: use of 1000 returnable skeleton containers rather than 70 throwaway packs; use of compostable packaging and/or filling materials (on the basis of pulp/paper or vegetable starch); cloths for furniture transport; packing units of the correct size (neither too big nor too small); complete emptying of packs Closing internal loops Closing internal loops involves, among others, the following measures: • Reuse: Renewed use of materials or products for the same purpose as before - Examples: recovery of solvents used for the same purpose, returnable packs; washing cleaning rags; electrolytic or chemical recycling of caustic chemical solutions • Further use: Use of materials or products for a different purpose - Examples: use of varnish residues for paint spraying invisible parts (e.g. for under-sealing) 56 6.4 CHECKLIST: Materials efficiency 6.4.1 Dispatch materials Stuffing/Padding Material - Use shredded waste paper or shredded cardboard as stuffing/ padding material Disposable Pallet - Sell disposable wood pallets for heating purposes Duct Tape - Use paper based tape 6.4.2 Domestic materials Canteen - Buy regional foods - Use returnable dishes and cutlery 53) Rathje and Murphy, The Archaeology of Garbage, 2001 54) Peck, M. and Chipman, R., Industrial energy and material efficiency: What role for policies?, undated 55) Peck, M. and Chipman, R., Industrial energy and material efficiency: What role for policies?, undated 56) UNIDO; UNIDO Toolkit, undated, http://www.unido.org/index.php?id=o86205 60
6.4.3 Office materials Material efficiency – Investigate your company’s procurement policy to see if material efficiency is mentioned or if there is room for improvement. Open up communication and begin employee engagement around material efficiency. Procurement policyy - Get an overview of raw and processed materials used in the company. Examine raw and processed materials and determine their environmental relevance and possible substitution. - Ask the supplier for product information (e.g. safety data sheets). - Collect information on environmental or sector-specific labels for materials used in the company and ask the suppliers for site certifications. - Use the criteria and guidelines of environmental labels to define guidelines for the company’s tenders. - Ask the supplier to offer environmentally friendly alternatives. - Does a central unit examine products before they are used in the company for the first time? - If cleaning is carried out by an external cleaning team, does the company know which detergents are used? - Are the procurement activities of the company documented? - Does the company train its employees in the handling of a new product? - Are all environmentally friendly purchased products marked and are the underlying criteria applied? - Does the company have a list of products for which no environmentally friendly alternative has been found to date? - Does the company regularly check the product packaging to see how environmentally friendly it is (multi-way packaging system, recyclability)? Employee Engagement - Is there a central purchasing unit in the company? - Does the company’s environmental policy mention green procurement? - Do employees know who exactly is responsible for which type of procurement in the company? - Are environmental safety managers consulted in procurement activities? - Does the company inform its employees when a new product will be used in time for them to learn new safety and handling requirements? Paper - Print paper on both sides (duplex, double-sided) - Save one side printed paper for scratch paper/notes Toner Cartridge - Buy refilled/refillable toners - Use toner-conservation mode or ‘Economode’ if available as printer settings, at least for draft or internal printouts 6.4.4 Storage materials Disposable Pallet • Sell disposable wood pallets for heating purposes 6.4.5 Utilities materials Air Conditioner • Use clean air at inlet if possible, avoid the supply of dusty, unfiltered air to ensure a long useful life for air filter Equipment Conventional HVLP Airless Air Assisted Airless Electrostatic Transfer Efficiency 20% - 60% 65% - 90% 40% - 60% up to 95% Air Pressure (bar) 0,3 - 2 0,2 – 0,7 None 0,2 – 2,0 Depends on gun type Fluid Pressure (bar) 0,5 – 2,0 0,6 – 2,0 30 - 200 15 - 70 Air Volume (m³/min) 0,15 – 0,30 0,42 – 0,84 None 0,15 – 0,45 Comments Good for wide range of paint viscosities Best results for paints of moderate to low viscosity Used for viscous paints, thick film, or high production; also used for conventional paints Typically used for viscous paints with thick film build-up or high production rrates; also used for conventional paints Available in all gun types. Problems with water-based paint and non-metallic work pieces Spray Gun Cost Prices start at € 100 - € 500 € 100 - € 500 Turbine systems € 700 € 3,500 € 2,500 € 5,000 Table 16: Comparison of different paint application equipment 57 57) http://www.p2ad.org/documents/ma_spraypaint.html and http://www.p2pays.org/ref/09/08058.htm 61
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PRE-SME - Promoting Resource Effici
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PRE-SME - Promoting Resource Effici
Page 5 and 6:
Table of Contents 1 THE PRE-SME PRO
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Table of Contents 10 LAWS, REGULATI
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6 One
Page 12 and 13:
8 Two
Page 14 and 15: Total Population Land Area Figure 1
Page 16 and 17: When done properly, Resource Effici
Page 18 and 19: 50 40 30 20 10 0 Sr Ag Sb Au Zn As
Page 20 and 21: It is evident that MIPS could be us
Page 22 and 23: Hazardous substances and dangerous
Page 24 and 25: 20 Three
Page 26 and 27: Personnel from across the company c
Page 28 and 29: Purchased 10 kg Einkaufsmenge 10.0k
Page 30 and 31: 3.4 Check In the ‘Check’ phase,
Page 32 and 33: 1,2 1 Water consumption in litres p
Page 34 and 35: Case Study: Anodisieranstalt A. Heu
Page 36 and 37: Detailed assessment: Water efficien
Page 38 and 39: ivers are so badly polluted that no
Page 40 and 41: 4.3 HOW: Implement a water saving p
Page 42 and 43: Step 3: Benchmark Performance Bench
Page 44 and 45: Case Study: Ngege Ltd, Uganda (Prep
Page 46 and 47: educe water use by 85%). Promote th
Page 48 and 49: Detailed assessment: Energy efficie
Page 50 and 51: 120 100 History of Consumption Proj
Page 52 and 53: Step 1: Collect data The prime obje
Page 54 and 55: • 22°C reduction in flue gas tem
Page 56 and 57: • Paint ceilings and walls white.
Page 58 and 59: Detailed assessment: Materials effi
Page 60 and 61: Development of copper consumption T
Page 62 and 63: Quick Win Map Steps Explained Basic
Page 66: • Clean air conditioning and refr
Page 69 and 70: Detailed assessment: Waste minimisa
Page 71 and 72: 7.2.3 Waste in numbers 62 Total was
Page 73 and 74: What Type of Waste Does Your Busine
Page 75 and 76: • Return obsolete materials to su
Page 77 and 78: Detailed assessment: Chemical effic
Page 79 and 80: ignited by a high energy source. It
Page 81 and 82: 8.2 WHY: Chemical efficiency benefi
Page 83 and 84: Exploding bomb Flame Flame over cir
Page 85 and 86: products and services are being del
Page 87 and 88: Severity scale (Impact on company i
Page 89 and 90: Examples: • Overalls, aprons, gow
Page 91 and 92: neighbours, etc. If you are in doub
Page 93 and 94: Benchmarks This chapter provides se
Page 95 and 96: 9.2 Benchmarks for the leather sect
Page 97 and 98: 9.3 Benchmarks for paper production
Page 99 and 100: Table 32 gives options for the redu
Page 101 and 102: Table 41 to Table 45 show electrici
Page 103 and 104: 9.6 Benchmarks for bread production
Page 105 and 106: Years manufactured Gravity tank sty
Page 107 and 108: Laws, regulations and standards 10.
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Page 111 and 112: Worksheet 1: Main products/services
Page 113 and 114: Worksheet 3: Energy data Company: R
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Worksheet 5: Flowchart (example) No
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Worksheet 7: Register of hazardous
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Worksheet 9: Risk assessment sheet
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Worksheet 11: Resource Efficiency p
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Worksheet 12: PRE-SME Report templa
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Worksheet 12: PRE-SME Report templa
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12.1 References Association for the
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UNEP, Safer Production, http://www.
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13.1 Unit Conversions APPROXIMATE C
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13.2 Steam Tables of Water Absolute
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About the UNEP Division of Technolo
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