Promoting Resource Efficiency in Small & Medium size ... - UNEP

European BREF notes are available for the following sectors and crosssectoral
topics 99 :
• Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide Manufacturing Industries
• Ceramic Manufacturing Industry
• Chlor-Alkali Manufacturing Industry
• Common Wastewater and Waste Gas Treatment
• Economics and Cross-Media Effects Emissions from Storage
• Energy Efficiency
• Ferrous Metals Processing Industry
• Food, Drink and Milk Industries
• General Principles of Monitoring
• Glass Manufacturing Industry
• Industrial Cooling Systems
• Intensive Rearing of Poultry and Pigs
• Large Combustion Plants
• Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Ammonia, Acids and
Fertiliser Industries
• Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Solids and Others Industry
• Large Volume Organic Chemical Industry
• Management of Tailings and Waste-Rock in Mining Activities
• Manufacture of Organic Fine Chemicals
• Mineral Oil and Gas Refineries
• Non-Ferrous Metals Industries
• Production of Iron and Steel
• BREF Production of Polymers
• Production of Speciality Inorganic Chemicals
• Pulp and Paper Industry
• Slaughterhouses and Animals Byproducts Industries
• Smitheries and Foundries Industry
• Surface Treatment of Metals and Plastics
• Surface Treatment Using Organic Solvents
• Tanning of Hides and Skins
• Textiles Industry
• Waste Incineration
• Waste Treatments Industries
For a unit-operation-based approach to benchmarking, please refer
to Chapter 5 (Energy Efficiency) for benchmarks on boilers, air
compressors, etc. and to Chapter 4 (Water Efficiency) for benchmarks
on cleaning.
You might also want to relate your process to the ‘ideal’ process. For
example: if you are heating billets before forging, calculate how much
heat it takes to heat one billet from ambient air temperature to 800°C
(heat is mass times specific heat times temperature difference), multiply
by the number of billets per hour and compare to the fuel consumption
per hour for your furnace.
9.1 Benchmarks for the textile sector
Table 22 gives benchmarks for the total water consumption (hot and
cold) and hot water consumption of individual process steps for the
production of cotton and viscose fabrics
Pre-treatment Processes
Water consumption (l/kg)
TOTAL
Of which HOT
WATER
Washing for desizing 3 – 4 3 – 4
Washing after scouring 4 – 5 4 – 5
Washing after bleaching 4 – 5 4 – 5
Washing after cold bleaching 4 – 6 4 – 6
Washing after mercerisation
- Washing to remove NaOH
- Neutralisation without
drying
- Neutralisation and drying
Washing after dyeing
4 – 5 (hot)
1 – 2 (cold)
1 – 2 (warm)
4 – 5
n/a
< 1
Reactive dyestuffs 10 – 15 4 – 8
Vat dyestuffs 8 – 12 3 – 7
Sulphur dyestuffs 18 – 20 8 – 10
Naphtol dyestuffs 12 – 16 4 – 8
Table 22: Achievable specific water consumption levels for continuous
washing processes during finishing of open width woven fabric consisting of
cotton or viscose and their blends with synthetic fibres
Table 23 gives benchmarks for the total water consumption (hot and
cold) and hot water consumption of individual dyeing processes for the
production of cotton and viscose fabrics.
Water consumption (l/kg)
TOTAL
Of which HOT
WATER
Reactive dyestuffs 15 – 20 12 – 16
Vat dyestuffs 12 – 16 4 – 8
Naphtol dyestuffs 14 – 18 6 – 10
Disperse dyestuffs 12 – 16 4 - 8
Table 23: Achievable specific water consumption levels for dyeing cotton and
viscose
To capture the optimisation opportunities that internal benchmarking
can offer, start recording the daily consumption numbers for your
enterprise and analyse the numbers over time. Ask your team: is
consumption stable and at the level you would expect or does it vary?
Are there days with lower consumption compared to the average? What
can you learn from these days?
99) European Commission, Joint Research Center, Reference documents, 2008
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