Promoting Resource Efficiency in Small & Medium size ... - UNEP

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ivers are so badly polluted that not even industry can use the water and nearly two-thirds of the country’s largest cities have no wastewater treatment facilities. Rising water demand and the lack of adequate sanitation facilities are key reasons why almost 900 million people worldwide lack access to safe drinking water and up to five million people die each year from water-related illness. Business impacts of water insecurity may include: • Decreased amount of water available for business activities • Operational disruptions and associated financial loss • Impacts on future growth and license to operate • Conflicts with local communities and other large-scale water users • Regulatory restrictions for specific industrial activities and investments • Increased costs for water • Growing demand for water efficient products and technologies • Increased costs for pre-treatment to obtain desired water quality • Increased costs for wastewater treatment to meet more stringent regulations Taken together, this means that businesses will face vastly increased uncertainty about the availability and quality of their water supplies. Similar to Resource Efficiency, water efficiency is the accomplishment of a function, task, process or result with the minimal amount of water feasible. In most sectors water is not a component of the product, but a cooling, heat transfer or cleaning medium. Where water quality is concerned, zero effluent discharge is the ultimate goal, to avoid any release of contaminants to the water environment. Zero effluent discharge entails water recycling, which also contributes to raising water efficiency. If zero effluent discharge is not economically and technically feasible, there are some valuable intermediate strategies including safer production, which can be pursued to reduce pollution and to ensure that waste substances are recovered and water reused. 4.2 WHY: Water saving benefits for SMEs Benefits of water efficiency for business: • Saving water will reduce the cost of water for the community at large by lowering demand and thereby the associated costs of extraction, transport by pumps, treatment and wastewater disposal either in a company owned facility or a publically owned treatment plant. • Saving water can provide opportunities for developing efficiencies in other areas. For example, using less water may mean that pumping water around the site is reduced leading to savings in electricity costs and greenhouse emissions. • Saving water can reduce the risk of environmental contamination or pollution, as water efficiency initiatives will lead to less wastewater. Additional general environmental benefits of water efficiency: • Fewer sewage system failures caused from excess water overloading the system. • Healthy, rather than depleted and dried-up, natural pollution filters such as downstream wetlands. • Reduced water contamination caused by polluted runoff due to over irrigating agricultural and urban lands. • Reduced need to construct additional dams and reservoirs or otherwise regulate the natural flow of streams, thus preserving their free flow and retaining the value of stream and river systems as wildlife habitats and recreational areas. • Reduced need to construct additional water and wastewater treatment facilities. • Elimination of excessive surface water withdrawals that degrade habitat both in streams and on land adjacent to streams and lakes. • Efficient water use can also reduce the amount of energy needed to treat wastewater, resulting in less energy demand and, therefore, fewer harmful byproducts from power plants. Figure 23 compares the operating and maintenance costs (labour, energy, chemicals, and materials such as replacement equipment and parts) of the various systems of 0.1 to 1 mgd (million gallons per day) treatment capacity. All costs were obtained from the USEPA Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual. They have been indexed to the USEPA Operation, Maintenance, and Repair Index of Direct Costs for the first quarter of 1993 (4.3). All costs are presented in United States dollars per million gallons of wastewater treated. The cost for mechanical systems is significantly larger than for any of the other systems, particularly at smaller flows. The cost of harvesting plants from aquaculture systems is not included; this could be a significant amount for some systems. Most of the cost data come from systems implemented in the United States. Similar systems in Latin America might be less expensive, in some cases, owing to lower labour costs and price differentials in construction materials. Nevertheless, the relative cost comparison among technologies is likely to be applicable to all countries. Figure 24 compares of the capital cost of the wastewater treatment processes. The cost data is also from the Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual, with the exception of wetland and aquaculture data, which were obtained from more recent sources. 27 All natural systems are assumed to have a facultative lagoon as the primary treatment unit. The cost of chlorination/disinfection is included for all systems except the slow rate and rapid infiltration systems. The cost of land is excluded in all cases, as is the cost of liners for the aquatic treatment systems. The mechanical treatment plant cost was derived as the cost of an oxidation ditch treatment system, and includes the cost of a clarifier, oxidation ditch, pumps, building, laboratory and sludge drying beds. These costs also include the cost of engineering and construction management, in addition to the costs for piping, electrical systems, instrumentation and site preparation. 27) All costs are in March 1993 US$ 34
Sand Filters Constructed Wetlands technology Aquaculture Aerated Lagoon Facultative Lagoon Mechanical Plant Figure 23: Operation and maintenance cost for wastewater treatment options 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 cost per million gallons Sand Filters Constructed Wetlands technology Aquaculture Aerated Lagoon Facultative Lagoon Mechanical Plant Figure 24: Capital cost for wastewater treatment methods 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 cost per million gallons per day 35
Page 1 and 2: PRE-SME - Promoting Resource Effici
Page 3 and 4: PRE-SME - Promoting Resource Effici
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents 1 THE PRE-SME PRO
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents 10 LAWS, REGULATI
Page 10 and 11: 6 One
Page 12 and 13: 8 Two
Page 14 and 15: Total Population Land Area Figure 1
Page 16 and 17: When done properly, Resource Effici
Page 18 and 19: 50 40 30 20 10 0 Sr Ag Sb Au Zn As
Page 20 and 21: It is evident that MIPS could be us
Page 22 and 23: Hazardous substances and dangerous
Page 24 and 25: 20 Three
Page 26 and 27: Personnel from across the company c
Page 28 and 29: Purchased 10 kg Einkaufsmenge 10.0k
Page 30 and 31: 3.4 Check In the ‘Check’ phase,
Page 32 and 33: 1,2 1 Water consumption in litres p
Page 34 and 35: Case Study: Anodisieranstalt A. Heu
Page 36 and 37: Detailed assessment: Water efficien
Page 40 and 41: 4.3 HOW: Implement a water saving p
Page 42 and 43: Step 3: Benchmark Performance Bench
Page 44 and 45: Case Study: Ngege Ltd, Uganda (Prep
Page 46 and 47: educe water use by 85%). Promote th
Page 48 and 49: Detailed assessment: Energy efficie
Page 50 and 51: 120 100 History of Consumption Proj
Page 52 and 53: Step 1: Collect data The prime obje
Page 54 and 55: • 22°C reduction in flue gas tem
Page 56 and 57: • Paint ceilings and walls white.
Page 58 and 59: Detailed assessment: Materials effi
Page 60 and 61: Development of copper consumption T
Page 62 and 63: Quick Win Map Steps Explained Basic
Page 64 and 65: plastic grocery bag has been reduce
Page 66: • Clean air conditioning and refr
Page 69 and 70: Detailed assessment: Waste minimisa
Page 71 and 72: 7.2.3 Waste in numbers 62 Total was
Page 73 and 74: What Type of Waste Does Your Busine
Page 75 and 76: • Return obsolete materials to su
Page 77 and 78: Detailed assessment: Chemical effic
Page 79 and 80: ignited by a high energy source. It
Page 81 and 82: 8.2 WHY: Chemical efficiency benefi
Page 83 and 84: Exploding bomb Flame Flame over cir
Page 85 and 86: products and services are being del
Page 87 and 88: Severity scale (Impact on company i
Page 89 and 90:
Examples: • Overalls, aprons, gow
Page 91 and 92:
neighbours, etc. If you are in doub
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Benchmarks This chapter provides se
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9.2 Benchmarks for the leather sect
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9.3 Benchmarks for paper production
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Table 32 gives options for the redu
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Table 41 to Table 45 show electrici
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9.6 Benchmarks for bread production
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Years manufactured Gravity tank sty
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Laws, regulations and standards 10.
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105
Page 111 and 112:
Worksheet 1: Main products/services
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Worksheet 3: Energy data Company: R
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Worksheet 5: Flowchart (example) No
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Worksheet 7: Register of hazardous
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Worksheet 9: Risk assessment sheet
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Worksheet 11: Resource Efficiency p
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Worksheet 12: PRE-SME Report templa
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Worksheet 12: PRE-SME Report templa
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123
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12.1 References Association for the
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UNEP, Safer Production, http://www.
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129
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13.1 Unit Conversions APPROXIMATE C
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13.2 Steam Tables of Water Absolute
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About the UNEP Division of Technolo
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136
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