McCormick+Schmitz Handbook for value chain research on - PACA

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We expect this manual to be widely used. Although it has been written <strong>for</strong> activists, practitioners and <strong>research</strong>ers in the WIEGO network, it discusses issues and provides <strong>research</strong> tools that should be of interest well beyond its original target group. While the manual concentrates on the garment industry, the methodology can be also be used to investigate other industries. The manual’s style was intended to make it accessible to those whose training is not in <strong>research</strong>. Yet we believe that its general approach, its discussion of the issues, and the explanation of methodology should make it useful also to academic <strong>research</strong>ers venturing into this field <strong>for</strong> the first time. 9
Part I. Homeworkers in Value Chains: Concepts and Issues 1. Homeworkers in the global economy An increasing number of people work at home. Some of these home based workers are independent ‘own account’ workers whose residence doubles as an office or workshop. Many of these are self-employed professionals. The second type of home based worker is the dependent subcontractor. These are men or, more often, women who per<strong>for</strong>m assembly work or other low-skilled tasks on a contract basis. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) refers to this category of worker as a “homeworker”. 1 This manual will follow the ILO practice and use the term “homework” to refer to work done at home by an outworker <strong>for</strong> a manufacturer or an intermediary, and “homeworker” to refer to persons per<strong>for</strong>ming such tasks. Producers in labour intensive industries like to use homeworkers because it gives them flexibility to respond to changing demand and also reduces their labour and overhead costs. Flexibility is enhanced because employers can hire and lay off homeworkers much more easily than they can factory workers. Using homeworkers also reduces factory overheads by eliminating the need to maintain capacity that will only be used at peak demand periods and by passing on to workers the cost of electricity, machine maintenance, and rent. In many countries, the garment industry is a large employer of homeworkers. Typically they are poor women, who live with their extended families. The male members of the household may be unemployed or working in low-wage jobs. The women are poorly educated with few income earning opportunities. Homework is often a last resort, accepted because it offers participants a chance to combine remunerative work with child care and other domestic responsibilities, and because contractors are usually willing to take workers with little or no <strong>for</strong>mal training. Maria (see Box 1.1) is typical of such homeworkers. 10
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Page 3 and 4: 10.1 Mapping homeworkers 57 10.2 Ma
Page 5 and 6: List of Boxes Box 1.1: Maria: A hom
Page 7 and 8: Introduction In developed and devel
Page 9: to understand the situation of home
Page 13 and 14: Box 1.2: Agnes: A homeworker moving
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Page 17 and 18: A value ch
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Page 21 and 22: • Finding leverage points <strong
Page 23 and 24: Figure 4.1: Triangle manufacturing
Page 25 and 26: Table 4.1: Types of buyers, quality
Page 27 and 28: 5. The new retailing and its implic
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Page 33 and 34: In this manual, we are dealing main
Page 35 and 36: Part II. Methodology This third par
Page 37 and 38: 8.2 Initial and final map Mapping a
Page 39 and 40: kinds of connections between the va
Page 41 and 42: • directed network: firms <strong
Page 43 and 44: local hotel these suppliers and buy
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Page 47 and 48: Figure 9.1: Chain map - workers' ho
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Page 51 and 52: If a significant percentage of the
Page 53 and 54: garment industry according to the i
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Page 57 and 58: Indicators of directed network: Ma
Page 59 and 60: Figure 10.1 : Network of homeworker
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for the executive
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Figure 10.3 : Producer services <st
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Figure 10.4 : Wages and skill short
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producers all over the world. This
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Long-term, quality growth has alway
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Such differences emerge clearly if
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it may well be worth recording them
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it is useful to present the results
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Figure 12.3 : Sub-contractor networ
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13.2 Observing Here are some of the
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A good research de
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A major concern in the protection o
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Buyers’ expectations Producers’
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15. Working with public agencies Th
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useful source of infor</str
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In order to assess the impact of su
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The first step is to gather basic i
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In step one, the research</
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is to examine how such differences
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Let us start with the latter, askin
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You may want to investigate what ty
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Given that home-workers are often c
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usiness schools and technology inst
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A second reason for</strong
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individuals can also be ordinary pe
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In answering the first question, th
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Obtaining or creating the sampling
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selection of a few illustrative cas
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The coding of open-ended questions
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You will also need to analyse the q
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The third step is data collection.
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the society. Neilson (1990: 20) cla
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Casson, Mark, and Robert Price. 198
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Kaplinsky, Raphael. 1998. “Global
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Wilson, Fiona. 1991. Sweaters: Gend
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Business forums de
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