McCormick+Schmitz Handbook for value chain research on - PACA

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WIEGO workshops suggest that the <strong>value</strong> <strong>chain</strong> approach is probably the best way <strong>for</strong>ward. This was certainly the consensus at the workshop on Value Chains in the Garment Industry in Ottawa in March 2000, which was attended by many practitioners and <strong>research</strong>ers of the WIEGO network. It was further rein<strong>for</strong>ced at the Annual WIEGO Conference, held at Harvard in May 2000, attended by the leaders of these grassroots organisations, academic institutions and international development agencies. Gobal <strong>value</strong> <strong>chain</strong> analysis can help to identify winners and losers from the globalisation of product markets and to find ways of spreading the gains from globalisation. However, the analysis of global <strong>value</strong> <strong>chain</strong>s is still at an early stage. Even academic <strong>research</strong>ers are still struggling to strengthen concepts, to develop useful taxonomies and produce good theories. Some progress, however, has been made and the member organisations of WIEGO are trying to use the emerging insights from <strong>value</strong> <strong>chain</strong> analysis <strong>for</strong> their more practical work. The feasibility of using this approach <strong>for</strong> collecting and interpreting sector and location specific in<strong>for</strong>mation was tested at the above-mentioned workshop in Ottawa. This resulted in the request to WIEGO to develop a methodology manual which would enable practitioners and <strong>research</strong>ers world wide to provide robust analysis and identify leverage points <strong>for</strong> action. This request <strong>for</strong> a manual has been echoed by other organisations concerned with in<strong>for</strong>mal producers in food and other sectors. There have also been requests to translate such a methodology manual into Spanish and other languages. In short, the proposed manual is expected to be of use to many practitioners and <strong>research</strong>ers, well beyond the WIEGO network. Organisation of the manual The manual is organised into three parts. Part I deals with important concepts and issues. For some readers, these chapters will be a review of familiar material. For others, the ideas presented will be new. Either way, we hope that this part of the manual will help you to put your <strong>research</strong> into context. In Chapter 1, we present the situation of homeworkers in the global economy. Through the cases of two typical homeworkers – Maria and Agnes – we examine the reality of homeworking. Chapters 2 and 3 discuss the notion of a global <strong>value</strong> <strong>chain</strong> and explore its practical importance <strong>for</strong> <strong>research</strong>ers trying 7
to understand the situation of homeworkers. In Chapter 4, we delve more deeply into the specifics of garment <strong>chain</strong>s, exploring their geographic spread and the different ways in which they are controlled. Chapter 5 looks at how workers in these <strong>chain</strong>s are affected by recent changes in retailing. Chapter 6 focuses on the homeworkers. In this chapter we lay out two sets of categories of homeworkers developed by the International Labour Organisation. The last chapter in this section (Chapter 7) takes up the important issue of gender, which we believe is critical <strong>for</strong> understanding the social reality of homeworkers. Part II of the manual aims to give you the tools you will need to carry out a <strong>value</strong> <strong>chain</strong> study. Chapters 8, 9, and 10 show you how to use mapping techniques to get a visual representation of a <strong>value</strong> <strong>chain</strong>. Chapter 8 gives the principles of mapping to enable you to draw a preliminary map of a <strong>chain</strong>, while the following chapter shows you how to refine that preliminary map into a detailed picture of an entire <strong>chain</strong>. Chapter 10 suggests how you might make sub-maps in order to highlight parts of a <strong>chain</strong> that are of particular interest to your study. The following three chapters discuss how to gather in<strong>for</strong>mation from different groups of in<strong>for</strong>mants: global buyers (chapter 11), manufacturers (chapter 12), and the homeworkers themselves (chapter 13). Chapters 14 and 15 provide additional techniques to help you to supplement and analyse the data already gathered. Chapter 14 discusses ways in which you can compare and contrast the views of different in<strong>for</strong>mants. Chapter 15 offers specific suggestions <strong>for</strong> working with public agencies and assessing their role. Gender issues surface throughout these chapters. Chapter 16 draws together the steps required to apply gender analysis to garment <strong>chain</strong>s. Part III of the manual is about using your <strong>research</strong> to make an impact. The three chapters in this part focus on how to use <strong>chain</strong> analysis <strong>for</strong> practical purposes. Chapter 16 gives an example of how the analysis can be brought to bear on the sticky problem of child labour. Chapter 17 shows how <strong>chain</strong> analysis can be used to design interventions which help homeworkers to switch <strong>chain</strong>s. Chapter 18 gives several examples of how <strong>value</strong> <strong>chain</strong> analysis can be used in advocacy. To assist those whose basic <strong>research</strong> skills are weak or rusty, we also provide an appendix with a brief treatment of the most commonly used methods. Our reference list includes a number of <strong>research</strong> methods texts. We encourage users of this manual to draw on these resources and to supplement them with texts designed <strong>for</strong> use in your local circumstances. 8
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Page 3 and 4: 10.1 Mapping homeworkers 57 10.2 Ma
Page 5 and 6: List of Boxes Box 1.1: Maria: A hom
Page 7: Introduction In developed and devel
Page 11 and 12: Part I. Homeworkers in Value Chains
Page 13 and 14: Box 1.2: Agnes: A homeworker moving
Page 15 and 16: no contact with the main contractor
Page 17 and 18: A value ch
Page 19 and 20: dominate certain value</str
Page 21 and 22: • Finding leverage points <strong
Page 23 and 24: Figure 4.1: Triangle manufacturing
Page 25 and 26: Table 4.1: Types of buyers, quality
Page 27 and 28: 5. The new retailing and its implic
Page 29 and 30: ut more frequent orders. Manufactur
Page 31 and 32: which demand limited skills and are
Page 33 and 34: In this manual, we are dealing main
Page 35 and 36: Part II. Methodology This third par
Page 37 and 38: 8.2 Initial and final map Mapping a
Page 39 and 40: kinds of connections between the va
Page 41 and 42: • directed network: firms <strong
Page 43 and 44: local hotel these suppliers and buy
Page 45 and 46: the designs in the various stages?
Page 47 and 48: Figure 9.1: Chain map - workers' ho
Page 49 and 50: you prefer, you can double count, t
Page 51 and 52: If a significant percentage of the
Page 53 and 54: garment industry according to the i
Page 55 and 56: Figure 9.3: Chain map - share of fe
Page 57 and 58: Indicators of directed network: Ma
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Figure 10.1 : Network of homeworker
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for the executive
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Figure 10.3 : Producer services <st
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Figure 10.4 : Wages and skill short
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producers all over the world. This
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Long-term, quality growth has alway
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Such differences emerge clearly if
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it may well be worth recording them
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it is useful to present the results
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Figure 12.3 : Sub-contractor networ
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13.2 Observing Here are some of the
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A good research de
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A major concern in the protection o
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Buyers’ expectations Producers’
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15. Working with public agencies Th
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useful source of infor</str
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In order to assess the impact of su
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The first step is to gather basic i
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In step one, the research</
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is to examine how such differences
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Let us start with the latter, askin
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You may want to investigate what ty
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Given that home-workers are often c
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usiness schools and technology inst
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A second reason for</strong
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individuals can also be ordinary pe
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In answering the first question, th
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Obtaining or creating the sampling
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selection of a few illustrative cas
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The coding of open-ended questions
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You will also need to analyse the q
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The third step is data collection.
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the society. Neilson (1990: 20) cla
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Casson, Mark, and Robert Price. 198
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Kaplinsky, Raphael. 1998. “Global
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Wilson, Fiona. 1991. Sweaters: Gend
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Business forums de
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