GEO Haiti 2010

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GEO HAITI • 2010 12 viability in regard to management, first, of resources and territory, followed by risks and disasters, and finally of pollution in the natural, rural or urban environments. The earthquake has amplified the incidence of pollution and of the problems and hazards which were already plaguing the affected areas, hence increasing the pressure on natural resources and protected areas. These factors have placed the Haitian population in extremely vulnerable conditions which can be clearly seen in the following assessment of the Haitian environment. Moreover, even before the earthquake, the spatial organisation of the urban areas was ineffective in regard to the managing and overcoming of the environmental problems, demographic challenges, shantytown inner city growth, as well as of social and physical inequalities. Construction techniques and the choice of settlement sites did not take into account the various threats such as flooding, landslides or earthquakes. The Haitian government, with the help of the United Nations Agencies and donor community, has undertaken a Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) 3 exercise aimed at producing an evaluation and inventory of the direct and indirect effects of the impact of the disaster. This takes the form of an assessment of the physical impact of the disaster, a determination of the economic value of losses and damages and finally, an evaluation of the impact on human development from the perspective of those affected. This exercise will allow the formulation of a reconstruction strategy, based on the identification of needs and priorities, present and future. The PDNA also aims the establishing of an action plan enabling the country to address the most urgent environmental needs and in doing so, solve its most serious problems, i.e., those causing the deterioration of living conditions and increasing the vulnerability of the Haitian population. The assessment focused on the following sectors: environmental governance, pollution and nuisance control, space and resource management and disaster risk management. The PDNA, in an effort to comprehensively assess the impact of the disaster on the country’s socioeconomic development, to develop community strategies for short-term recovery and to assist the government in improving disaster and risk management strategies, has combined two methodologies: the EDP methodology 4 and the HRNA methodology 5 . The results of the joint analysis led by UNOSAT- JRC-World Bank/Image Cat show that more than 90,000 buildings had been partially or completely destroyed, the damage assessed as being either major or severe. This represents slightly less than one-third of the total number of buildings in the affected areas. Port-au-Prince was the hardest hit, but a large number of buildings were also destroyed in Carrefour, Delmas, Leogane and Petion-Ville. Approximately 105,369 homes were completely levelled and more than 208,164 were damaged. Estimates of damage and loss in the housing subsector have been assessed at US$2,333 billion in damages and US$739 million in losses. The public sector suffered damages estimated at US$459 million in regard to housing, while the private sector accounted for US$2,613 million. This data is captured in the table below. 3 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT POST DISASTER NEED ASSESSMENT (PDNA) (2010). Need assessment after the earthquake disaster of January 12, 2010, Haiti, 55 pages (Environment Group Draft Report/ Risk and Disaster Management March 9, 2010). Final Report. Haiti: PDNA of the Earthquake. Assessment of Damage, Loss, by Sector and General Needs. Prepared by the Government of the Republic of Haiti with the Support of the International Community, 237 pages, March 2010. 4 Loss and Damage Assessment developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UN-ECLAC). This methodology is based on the use of the national accounts’ system of the affected country as a means of assessing the damage and loss caused by the disaster. This assessment provides an estimate of the value of assets destroyed by the natural disaster (damage assessment), the losses in economic flows caused by the temporary absence of these assets and the ensuing changes to economic performance (loss assessment). At the same time, it constitutes a basis for assessing the negative impact on individual and household income as well as on overall social well-being. 5 Human Recovery Needs Assessment - a method developed by the United Nations to assess the need for recovery at community level.
State of the Environment Report 2010 Over 1,300 educational institutions and more than 50 hospitals and medical centres have collapsed or are inoperable. The Presidential Palace, the Parliament, the Courthouse and the majority of the ministerial and public administration buildings were razed. The total value of damage and loss caused by the earthquake of January 12, 2010 is estimated at US$7,863 million 6 , the equivalent of slightly more than 120% of Haiti’s gross domestic product for 2009. The private sector accounted for most of the damage and loss with US$5,491 billion (or 70% of the total) whereas the public sector bill stood at US$2,374 billion (or 30%). (Table A). 13 Table A: Summary of Damage and Loss (US$ (million) 7 Themes/ Sub-Themes Damages US$ (million) Losses US$ (million) Public Private Total Public Private Total Environment & Disaster Risk Management 3 0 3 321,4 175 496,4 Social Sectors 153.8 522.4 676.4 197.8 500.6 698.3 Water and Sanitation 20.9 13.1 34 8.4 193.0 201.4 Health 94.7 101.7 196.4 187.7 86.1 273.7 Education 38.2 395.6 434 1.7 41.5 43.2 Food Security and Nutrition 0 295 295 0 35 35 Infrastructure 621.9 2538.6 3160.5 868.7 520.6 1389.3 Housing 0 2333.2 2333.2 459.4 279.3 738.7 Transportation 188.5 118.6 307.1 91.6 197.5 289.1 Telecommunications 66 28 94 24 22 46 Energy 14.6 0 14.6 131.7 0 131.7 Urban and Administrative 352.8 58.8 411.6 162 21.8 183.8 Infrastructure Production Sectors 3.1 394.0 397.1 0 933.3 933.3 Agriculture 3.1 49.9 53 0 96.0 96 Manufacturing 0 74.6 74.6 0 267.7 267.7 Trade 0 148.7 148.7 0 490.6 490.6 Bank and Finance 0 98.2 98.2 0 0 0 Tourism 0 22.6 22.6 0 79.0 79 Total 781.8 3455.0 4237.0 1387.9 2129.4 3517.3 The value of the destroyed physical assets, including housing units, schools, hospitals, buildings, roads, bridges, seaports and airports, has been estimated at US$4,302 billion or 55% of the total cost of the aftermath of the disaster. The variation in economic flows (loss of production, reduction in revenues, loss of jobs and salaries, increased production costs etc.) reached US$3,561 billion or 45% of the total. The roadway network also suffered significant damage with approximately 70 km of the main roads being seriously affected, including some high-traffic main roads. The port of Port-au-Prince was extensively damaged (north and south quays severely affected) as was the airport (control tower destroyed, runway partially damaged etc.). The telecommunication sector however suffered limited damage. 6 The sum given as the total value of damage and loss differs from the arithmetic sum of assessments by sector because double-counting was eliminated. A standard conversion factor of 42 Gourds to one United States dollar was used. 7 Updated: March 8, 2010
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GEO Haiti 2010

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