GEO Haiti 2010

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GEO HAITI • 2010 80 On the other hand, an evaluation of the educational system in general has identified several factors which could be the cause of some rather disappointing results, such as the lack of teaching materials, of motivation and incompetence of teachers (MEYS, 2004). The State’s weak regulatory capacity would also be a factor since most schools, particularly at the elementary level (75%), are not accredited and operate without a license, which brings into question their educational quality. Also, a number of private Higher Education Institutions (Technical Institutes and Universities), seem to escape the control of the State (MEYS, 2007). Despite this situation, which we could describe as alarming, there is reason to believe that there has been some improvement. Efforts have been undertaken by public authorities, particularly in regard to the provision of additional quotas with the construction of public schools, the granting of school supplies and uniforms, increased school lunch-programs and the implementation of the National Education and Training Plan (MEYS, 1997). 4.2.2 Health The condition of the health sector in Haiti is cause for concern. According to the Health Ministry (MSPP 2003), “The health situation of the Haitian people can be defined essentially as precarious”. Indicators show that the gross mortality rate in 2000 was around 10.72 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants, while infant mortality was 81 deaths per 1000 live births or 8.1% (MPHP, 2003). Infectious diseases like measles, tetanus, cholera, diphtheria and AIDS are classified as major causes of morbidity. It is also important to note that malnutrition ranks among the top 10 causes of death in the country. According to the Health Ministry (MPHP, 2003), the political and economic situation, poor infrastructure (49 hospitals serving the entire population of Haiti) and lack of human resources (2.5 physicians, 1 nurse and 2.5 nurses-aides per 10,000 inhabitants), make the situation even more fragile and vulnerable. The distribution of hospitals and medical centers is concentrated in the metropolitan area of Port-au- Prince; however, the majority of these health facilities are private. An analysis of Table 13 gives an idea of the distribution throughout the different provinces. With the exception of the Western department, the other departments are poorly served and lacking with regard to health infrastructure. Table 13: Distribution of medical centers and hospitals throughout the country WEST AND METROPOLITAN AREA OF PORT-AU-PRINCE PORT-AU-PRINCE: Hôpital de l’ Université d’État d’Haïti; Centre Obstétrique Gynécologique Isaïe Jeanty-Léon Audain Chancerelles; Hôpital du Canapé-Vert; Hôpital Français (Asile Français); Hôpital Saint François de Sales; Hôpital-Maternité Sapiens; Hôpital OFATMA Cité Militaire; Clinique de la Santé; Maternité de Christ Roi ;Centre Hospitalier Rue Berne; Maternité Mathieu. PETION VILLE: Citymed - Pétion-Ville; Hôpital de la Communauté Haïtienne; Hôpital de Fermathe (Route de Kenscoff ); Maternité de Pétion-Villeque DELMAS: Grace Children’s Hospital; Citymed - Delmas ; Hospital Espoir; Centre Hospitalier Delmas-Musseau CARREFOUR: Hôpital Adventiste de Diquini; Hôpital Saint Charles (Mariani) WEST: (except Port-au-Prince metro): Hôpital Sainte Croix de Léogane ; Hôpital Wesleyen de La Gonâve (La Gonâve Wesleyan Hôpital), Notre Dame de Petit Goâve NORTH: Hôpital de Bienfaisance de Pignon ; Hôpital Justinien - Cap Haïtien; Hôpital de Milot SOUTH: Hôpital Immaculée Conception (Les Cayes); Hôpital Bonnefin ; Hôpital Sainte Anne SOUTH: Hôpital Immaculée Conception (Les Cayes); Hôpital Bonnefin ; Hôpital Sainte Anne ARTIBONITE: Hôpital La Providence (Gonaïves); Hôpital Albert Schweitzer ( Deschapelles ) GRAND’ANSE: Hôpital Saint Antoine (JEREMIE); CENTER: Hôpital Sainte Thérèse de Hinche; Clinique Bon Sauveur de Cange ; Hôpital de la Nativité de Belladere NORTHWEST: Hôpital de Port-de-Paix. SOUTHEAST: Hôpital Saint Michel de Jacmel. Source: http://haitimedical.com/union/reference/hospitals.asp#pap
State of the Environment Report 2010 Percentage 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Progress has however been made in the health sector, especially with respect to vaccination (MPHP-PAHO/WHO, 1998). In fact, the number of children vaccinated is rising steadily (Figure 30). Figure 30: Vaccination coverage by vaccination type BCG = Vaccine against Tuberculosis Polio = Polio DTP st = Dyhtérie Tétatnos associated Polio (dose = 0, 1, 2, 3) Source: MPHP, 2006 This effort has resulted in a persistent reduction in the rates of infantile and juvenile mortality per 1000 inhabitants, as demonstrated by the figure below: Figure 31: Prevailing trends in infant mortality (0-1 an) Infant deaths per 1000 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1982-1983 Source: MPHP, 2006 BCG DTP st 1 DTP st 2 DTP st 3 Polio 0 Polio 1 Polio 2 Polio 3 Measles All vaccines No vaccine Vaccine Type 1987-1988 1992-1993 Period 1997-1998 Child mortality 2003-2005 The most recent statistics show that efforts made will help, hopefully, maintain the trend on the reduction of the rate of infant and child mortality. 4.2.3 Housing and Infrastructure 2000 2003 Juvenile mortality The problem of housing is primarily an urban one, since most (60%) homes are located in rural areas. Owing to the rural exodus, the number of dwellings in the cities is inferior to what is needed, and flats and houses are usually overcrowded, with an average of 2.7 persons per room, nationally, and of 3.5 people in Port-au-Prince (IHSI, 2003). Constructions in Haiti are generally built with local materials (sand, rock, gravel). In some areas, particularly rural, there are houses made of mud, straw huts covered with thatch roofs (rural and semi-urban areas), or made of concrete with tin or concrete roofs; homes of 3, 4 and 5 levels are also found, especially in the residential areas of large urban centers, as well as older homes generally built of wood (UniQ et al. 2000). Additionally, according to the Haitian Statistic and Computer Institute (IHSI, 2003), nationally, the access to electricity is low. Only 31.6% of households are connected, with a peak of 92.2% in Port-au-Prince and 23.2% in provincial towns. In rural areas, only 10.5% of residents are connected. In relation to the water supply system, one in five homes disposes of running water, and in the other cases, water is obtained from public fountains (IHSI, 2003). Representing the oldest telecommunication infrastructure in the country, TELECO covers almost all cities in regard to fixed telephones. It currently faces major problems of competitiveness as the mobile phone sector is in full expansion, and which could also soon be combined to an extensive nationwide internet service. Telephone companies now cover almost the entire country, compared to the major internet providers which serve only the metropolitan area and some provincial towns, although the available data on users is not exhaustive (see Table 14). The city of Les Cayes seems the best served in terms of electricity services, with almost all internet providers and mobile phone suppliers operating there. Not all cities have the same mobile internet provider (for example, les Cayes and Port-au-Prince). Some provincial cities and towns, such as the town of Miragoane, have very weak telecommunication infrastructures owing to a serious lack of electricity. However, a power plant was recently built in Tapion (CONATEL, 2009). 81
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