GEO Haiti 2010

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GEO HAITI • 2010 158 Figure 91: Evolution of the Haitian Population 1950 to 2050 Population in millions 18 000,0 16 000,0 14 000,0 12 000,0 10 000,0 8 000,0 6 000,0 4 000,0 2 000,0 0,0 Total population 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Years Source: http://websie.eclac.cl/anuario_estadistico/anuario_2008/esp/index.asp In 2009, Haiti’s population was 9 million people – twice the number of 1970. It is projected to reach 16 million by the year 2050. Figure 92: Supply of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energies Barrels of petroleum in thousands 12 000.0 10 000.0 8 000.0 6 000.0 4 000.0 2 000.0 0.0 2002 2004 Years 2005 Fire wood Hydropower Petroleum Source: http://websie.eclac.cl/anuario_estadistico/anuario_2008/esp/index.asp The world’s supply of renewable energy cannot compare to that of wood energy; hydroelectricity remained stagnant from 2002 to 2005 and shows no signs of improving. The need of non-renewable energy sources, such as oil, comes close behind wood energy sources. Figure 93: Variation rate in Natural Forest Areas Percentage 0.0 –0.2 –0.4 –0.6 –0.8 –1.0 –1.2 –1.4 –1.6 –1.8 –2.0 Percentage change Changes in natural forests 1990 - 2000 2000 - 2005 –1.4 –1.8 Source: http://websie.eclac.cl/anuario_estadistico/anuario_2008/esp/index.asp
State of the Environment Report 2010 The country’s natural forest cover has gradually been reduced between 1990 and 2005, shrinking by 1.4% between 1990 and 2000 and by 1.8% between 2000 and 2005. 2.2. SCENARIO 2: Nothing New The second scenario focuses on a situation where the current trends are maintained. While the Table 35: Scenario 2: “Nothing New” government could adopt initiatives to alleviate the problems, a reversal of the situation seems unlikely. The wood resources are increasingly pressured with countermeasures showing little results; water-resource management is neglected; forests are diminishing; and the effects of natural disasters are more severe. Waste management is still ineffective as in the case of coastal-zone management. 159 Driving Forces Population Growth Energy Needs State of the Environment Descriptions The population continues to grow at the same pace as in previous years creating an increasing demand for food. Various food products have to be imported to cope as national productivity is insufficient because the agricultural sector has yet to make efficient use of technologies. Urban migration is on the rise leading to a centralisation of activities in the main urban centres. The government devises methods to promote and increase access to renewable energy including subsidies (e.g. propane gas etc.). The Bureau of Mines and Energy (BME) benefits from capacity strengthening to enable it to better implement the government’s energy programmes and strategies. The cost of all forms of energy, however, remains high. Considerable pressure continues to be exerted on wood resources (wood energy) and oil import trends remain the same. Energy needs grow while some electricity plants, particularly the hydroelectric plants lose capacity due to dredging of rivers and sand erosion from lakes. Energy needs are responsible for emitting 156.77 Gg of CO 2 (UNEP, 2008) as the State increasingly turns to fossil energy sources (opening of three new thermal plants in Port-au-Prince, Gonaïves and Cap Haïtien). The government makes sound environmental management its priority and advocates the enforcement of most of the environmental laws, decrees and conventions which have been voted or signed. - Marine and Coastal Environments Protected coastal areas still do not exist in Haiti and nothing indicates that this will change. Beaches are further polluted as activities on the coast are barely regulated and like other areas on the coastal strip, extremely threatened by urban growth. Haiti’s population is largely unaware of the need to preserve its coastal heritage. - Water Resources There are no provisions for the protection of water sources and catchment areas, human settlements continue to grow there triggering the establishment of a number of drinking water treatment businesses throughout the capital and other major urban centres. Existing legislation is not enforced which results in escalating pollution, especially of rivers by the dumping of industrial waste. Environmental monitoring is unsubstantial and the small-scale measures implemented only produce mixed results.
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GEO Haiti 2010

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