Appendix H - Historical Archaeological and ... - CBP.gov

More documents

Recommendations

Info

common in growing communities. Territorial legislation in both Washington and Idaho initiated tax-supported public education and Washington’s Organic Law of 1853 reserved two sections of land in each township to support schools (Schwantes, 1989:222-223). Other social institutions evolved with the growth of communities. With limited entertainment options, civic groups provided an opportunity for residents to come together outside of their homes or places of work. Churches often became community centers, while public meeting halls were often privately built or incorporated into the same space as organizations like the Grange or local unions. Entertainment options varied from traveling chautauquas and circuses to vaudeville shows in larger cities, while civic organizations, and particularly women’s clubs, sponsored musical and cultural events and raised money to support of libraries, gardens, parks and other civic improvements. Generally it was not until the 1880s that towns or other government entities began to play a role in establishing public amenities like parks, playgrounds and other recreational and social facilities. This mix of private and public responsibility for social needs also extended to health care, where physicians developed practices and even small infirmaries in their homes until public facilities, including hospitals, sanitariums, and orphanages, were established. Many of the social institutions that developed also reflected the Northwest’s multi-ethnic population base. The wide range of environments within the Northwest contributed to cultural diversity among the region’s Native populations, and that diversity continued as newcomers from throughout the world made their way to Washington and Idaho. The mixed racial fur trade communities introduced by the HBC gave way to new ethnic groups who came for labor or agricultural opportunities. The railroads, in particular, fostered this diversity by hiring huge crews of Chinese, and later Japanese, construction workers and then by promotional efforts in many European countries to encourage immigration on their lines. Scandinavians formed the largest incoming ethnic group, but Great Britain, Italy, and Russia also contributed significant numbers who populated factories and farms between 1880 and 1920. Hispanic immigration also occurred throughout these periods although most notable are large groups who were drawn to the field of eastern Washington by labor shortages during World War II (Schwantes et al., 1988:70). By 1900, 22 percent of Washington’s population was foreign born, and those numbers continued to grow over the next few decades. Ethnic groups brought with them social and cultural institutions that were often re-established in their new communities. As was the pattern throughout the West, immigrants frequently settled together around their places of work. Whether they included Italian railroad workers in Priest River, Idaho, German-Russian farmers in Ritzville, Washington, or Chinese business owners in Seattle, these ethnic communities developed their own social fabric that was a unique mix of age-old traditions and new practices. Like the rest of the country, racism and nativism were present in the Northwest, resulting in events like the expulsion of Chinese workers from coastal cities in the 1880s, segregated housing for Blacks in many cities, and the internment of Japanese citizens during World War II, but generally the region has recognized and tried to preserve the unique values of diversity (Schwantes, 1989:186). Northern Border Activities H-126 July 2012
2 NATIVE AMERICAN SACRED SITES AND TRADITIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTIES 2.1 INTRODUCTION This section includes brief descriptions of Native American sacred sites and Traditional Cultural Properties (TCP) in the four geographic regions (encompassing 13 states) that are within the 100- mile corridor of the northern border project area. Much of this information is highly protected and is difficult, and often impossible, to obtain. Additional information about these properties may be obtained during the Section 106 consultation process. Cultural resources may include Traditional Cultural Places or sacred sites as outlined in National Register Bulletin 38 (cf., Parker and King, 1991, 1992; Hadley, 1993; Staap and Burney, 2002). Additional relevant legislation includes the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), and the American Indian Religious Freedom Act. Native American sacred sites and TCPs certainly exist within the northern border project area. However, these property types present specific challenges in regard to identification, because no single database exists for this purpose. There are also several challenges to ascribing cultural affiliation to a specific sacred site or TCPs for the purposes of consultation. Examples of some categories of Native American sacred sites and TCPs that occur within the northern border project area include: Burials sites Notable Places and/or Landmarks Places of religious significance Several forms of data can typically be used to ascribe cultural affiliation to a specific sacred site or TCPs for the purposes of consultation. However, in some instances insufficient data may preclude an objective valid conclusion concerning cultural affiliation. Several groups may claim cultural ties to or ownership of a specific sacred site or TCP. The absence of a sacred sites and TCP database might require the collection of some basic information as to the range of resources that are likely to provide information in regard to sacred sites and TCPs within the northern border project area. Some likely archives or organizations to contact to learn of the scope of their holdings for primary, secondary, and ethnographic data include various Native and ethnic cultural groups, local and state libraries, historical societies, and preservation organizations, folklore societies, and universities and colleges. Oral interviews with individuals who may possess firsthand knowledge of or have researched Native American sacred sites and TCPs might also be productive. Information can be tabulated manually or digitized in a geographic information system (GIS) format for more powerful use. Northern Border Activities H-127 July 2012
Page 1 and 2:
APPENDIX H HISTORIC, ARCHAEOLOGICAL
Page 3 and 4:
Relatively few early Paleo-Indian s
Page 5 and 6:
to 8,690±50 B.P. and 8,670±60 B.P
Page 7 and 8:
midden at the Knox site. The first
Page 9 and 10:
fauna diminished (as did the specie
Page 11 and 12:
Woodland Period The first use of ce
Page 13 and 14:
In general, early archaeological si
Page 15 and 16:
more during the Archaic period by c
Page 17 and 18:
ever occupied” (Thomas et al., 19
Page 19 and 20:
1.1.3 GREAT LAKES REGION 1.1.3.1 St
Page 21 and 22:
same contexts, such as at the Front
Page 23 and 24:
Ritchie and Funk, 1973:97). Graves
Page 25 and 26:
ectangular-shaped houses (Engelbrec
Page 27 and 28:
Early Archaic preference towards oc
Page 29 and 30:
York just north of the Pennsylvania
Page 31 and 32:
2000:99). Typical ceramic vessels f
Page 33 and 34:
Early Archaic projectile point form
Page 35 and 36:
typically located on high terrain n
Page 37 and 38:
worked projectile points; anvilston
Page 39 and 40:
epresented as the late prehistoric
Page 41 and 42:
encampments occurred in the moraina
Page 43 and 44:
northerly ceramics with ceramics mo
Page 45 and 46:
1999; Fitting, 1974; Franzen, 1987;
Page 47 and 48:
Beginning as early as the tenth cen
Page 49 and 50:
they comprised were copper implemen
Page 51 and 52:
“mobile bands using large territo
Page 53 and 54:
Figure H-2. Prehistoric/Precontact
Page 55 and 56:
Site types range across the full sp
Page 57 and 58:
Figure H-4. Plateau and Northern Ro
Page 59 and 60:
of processed resources such as char
Page 61 and 62:
large part to poor preservation of
Page 63 and 64:
climate, which was at a peak of war
Page 65 and 66:
the early to middle Holocene (ca. 8
Page 67 and 68:
archaeological record of residentia
Page 69 and 70:
In northern Maine, the Madawaska se
Page 71 and 72:
1.2.1.2 State of New Hampshire Con
Page 73 and 74:
Agriculture Mid-nineteenth- to earl
Page 75 and 76: United States and Europe. Rustic ca
Page 77 and 78: forts in the Champlain Valley, New
Page 79 and 80: accommodate plows pulled by oxen, h
Page 81 and 82: 1.2.2 GREAT LAKES REGION 1.2.2.1 St
Page 83 and 84: Transportation Overland roads were
Page 85 and 86: several wind-energy projects and wi
Page 87 and 88: in 1759 (Waddell and Bomberger, 199
Page 89 and 90: During the Revolutionary War, Major
Page 91 and 92: the years after the Civil War, grap
Page 93 and 94: Disagreements over this area erupte
Page 95 and 96: Figure H-8. Ohio Land Grants and Su
Page 97 and 98: made of frame construction, and lat
Page 99 and 100: transfiguring industry in general w
Page 101 and 102: crossings. The bridge follows a sim
Page 103 and 104: influx of German and Scandinavian i
Page 105 and 106: The first routes through the wilder
Page 107 and 108: Montana is rich in mineral resource
Page 109 and 110: Figure H-9. Early Trails, Trading P
Page 111 and 112: Figure H-10. Railroad System in Ida
Page 113 and 114: Midwestern reserves of white pine b
Page 115 and 116: to wildlife preserves, parks and pr
Page 117 and 118: Social and Cultural Single men pred
Page 119 and 120: the Puget Sound region and a few in
Page 121 and 122: community airfields. By this time,
Page 123 and 124: until the 1960s (Fahey, 1986:175-17
Page 125: Among the first actions of Washingt
Page 129 and 130: includes the Vermont Historic Prese
Page 131 and 132: 2.1.4 WOR REGION 2.1.4.1 States of
Page 133 and 134: Object. An object is defined as a s
Page 135 and 136: Structures The most imposing histor
Page 137 and 138: figures, and the women’s rights m
Page 139 and 140: Table H-1. Representative Architect
Page 141 and 142: Allegheny County Owned River Bridge
Page 143 and 144: Architectural Styles/Forms Building
Page 145 and 146: Numerous historic-era lodges, resor
Page 147 and 148: oads and rail lines connected the r
Page 149 and 150: 4 PALEONTOLOGIC RESOURCES This Pale
Page 151 and 152: to the geological study-area maps a
Page 153 and 154: 4.2.1.2 New Hampshire Summary Paleo
Page 155 and 156: achiopods, nautiloids, and even rar
Page 157 and 158: 4.2.2.4 Michigan Summary Paleontolo
Page 159 and 160: Cretaceous - A northeastern extensi
Page 161 and 162: warm, with wetter conditions near t
Page 163 and 164: 4.2.4.2 Washington Summary Paleonto
Page 165 and 166: Northern Border Activities H-165 Ju
Page 167 and 168: Figure H-16. Geologically Relevant
Page 173 and 174: The nature of consultation in Secti
Page 175 and 176: NHPA and 36 CFR 800, it established
Page 177 and 178:
invertebrate and plant paleontologi
Page 179 and 180:
For above-ground culture resources
Page 181 and 182:
Cultural resource laws for New Hamp
Page 183 and 184:
It does not appear that a permit is
Page 185 and 186:
farming or forestry). Some other si
Page 187 and 188:
Maintains the New York State Regist
Page 189 and 190:
Historic resources are addressed in
Page 191 and 192:
Permit or other requirements for ar
Page 193 and 194:
State preservation plan: The OHPO S
Page 195 and 196:
State preservation plan Michigan’
Page 197 and 198:
Provides technical assistance to lo
Page 199 and 200:
Indians, and the Stockbridge-Munsee
Page 201 and 202:
5. To expand and enhance efforts to
Page 203 and 204:
The Archaeology and Historic Preser
Page 205 and 206:
Administering Federal tax incentive
Page 207 and 208:
State Historic Preservation Office
Page 209 and 210:
Oversees the identification and eva
Page 211 and 212:
REFERENCES (Aaberg, et al., 2003).
Page 213 and 214:
(Blaisdell, 1982). Blaisdell, Katha
Page 215 and 216:
(Bunker, 1994). Bunker, V. 1994. Ne
Page 217 and 218:
(Churchill, 1967). Churchill, M. G.
Page 219 and 220:
(DeMallie, 2001a). DeMallie, R. J.
Page 221 and 222:
(Fahey, 1965). Fahey, John. 1965. I
Page 223 and 224:
(Funk and Hoagland, 1972). Funk, R.
Page 225 and 226:
(Hackbarth, 2003). Hackbarth, Linda
Page 227 and 228:
(Hickcox, 1983). Hickcox, David H.
Page 229 and 230:
(Johnson, 1988). Johnson, Curtis B.
Page 231 and 232:
(Langhorne, 1976). Langhorne, Willi
Page 233 and 234:
(Maymon and Bolian, 1992). Maymon,
Page 235 and 236:
(MN SHPO, 2006). Minnesota State Hi
Page 237 and 238:
(Ozker, 1982). Ozker, D. B. 1982. A
Page 239 and 240:
(Randall and Ryan, 1912). Randall,
Page 241 and 242:
(Sanford, 1894). Sanford, L. G. 189
Page 243 and 244:
(Stamps and Zurel, 1980). Stamps, R
Page 245 and 246:
(Stothers, et al., 2001). Stothers,
Page 247 and 248:
(USDA, 2007). U.S. Department of Ag
Page 249 and 250:
(Wright, 1972). Wright, J. V. 1972.
show all

Appendix H - Historical Archaeological and ... - CBP.gov

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?