Appendix H - Historical Archaeological and ... - CBP.gov

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that freshwater-lake conditions returned. Sediments left by the melting ice can be found in many areas. Mastodons, ground sloths, and saber-toothed cats roamed the PSA (Mehrtens, 2008). Silurian - Most rocks of Silurian age were metamorphosed during later tectonic activity, and few marine fossils are found in them (Mehrtens, 2008). Ordovician - Tropical seas in Vermont were rich in marine life, including the some of the first corals as well as bryozoans, brachiopods, cephalopods, gastropods, sponges, and trilobites (Mehrtens, 2008). Cambrian - Tracks and trails of trilobites are common in the muddy and sandy shoreline sediments deposited during this time (Mehrtens, 2008). Precambrian - Precambrian rocks in Vermont are mostly metamorphic and do not contain any fossils (Mehrtens, 2008). 4.2.2 GREAT LAKES REGION 4.2.2.1 New York Summary Paleontologically sensitive geological units in New York’s PSA include predominantly Paleozoic and Cenozoic deposits. Paleozoic deposits represent a fast-rising and then eventually falling sea level. Fossils of trilobites, brachiopods, clams, and other marine organisms can be found in these rocks. Other geological units within the PSA represent early deltas that contained small-forest and other plants. Cenozoic deposits consist of Pleistocene glacial deposits, such as terminal and lateral moraines, containing large-vertebrate fossils. Quaternary - Glacial deposits across New York and the northeastern United States record the movements of enormous ice sheets. The ice sheets helped to shape the landscape of New York, scraping off loose rock materials, gouging the bedrock beneath the ice as it advanced, and scouring river valleys. The Finger Lakes are a famous example of New York lakes formed by glacial scouring. Mammoths and mastodons roamed the landscape (Picconi, 2006). Fossil mastodons, bison, and other mammals may be found where unconsolidated deposits vary near the surface. Freshwater snail and clam fossils occur along old drainage systems (RASNY, 2010). Carboniferous - Thick accumulations of peat were compressed over time and transformed into layers of coal. This geological unit is not known to contain fossils (Picconi, 2006). Devonian - The most fossiliferous limestones include coral reefs and inter-reef deposits of shallower bottoms; deeper-water limestones contain abundant chert (flint) nodules. Relatively clear waters over the shallower shelf favored a profusion of brachiopods, bryozoans, corals, crinoids, and trilobites. Mollusks were more prominent east of the foreland basin (closer to shore) where silts and sands accumulated under more turbid waters (RASNY, 2010). Silurian - With a changing sea level in the Silurian, the inland ocean covering western New York became extremely shallow, and circulation was poor (Picconi, 2006). Trace fossils, occasional Northern Border Activities H-154 July 2012
achiopods, nautiloids, and even rare jellyfish imprints may be found. Near the end of the Silurian, the sea became deeper but apparently remained very salty, and the shallowest areas were home to a strange fauna dominated by eurypterids (RASNY, 2010). Ordovician - During the Early Ordovician, the rocks formed in New York were predominantly limestone and dolostone. Toward the end of the Ordovician, volcanic islands formed along a subduction zone between North America and Western Europe. Fossils from this time include trilobites, graptolites, and bryozoans (Picconi, 2006). Cambrian - Early during the Late Cambrian, global sea level rose, flooding New York with a shallow sea. Sedimentary rocks were formed from sand, silt, and clay deposited in this sea (Picconi, 2006). The fossil record is scarce from this time period but includes numerous records of trilobites (Bassett et al., 1976). Precambrian - The Grenville Mountains formed during the Precambrian as North America collided with an ancient supercontinent and the sandstone, shale, and limestone deposited earlier were squeezed and pushed up onto the margin of the early North-American continent. The intensity of the collision metamorphosed the rocks as follows: 1) sandstone became quartzite, gneiss, or schist; 2) limestone became marble; and 3) shale became gneiss and schist. These rocks are the oldest found in the PSA. The Precambrian fossil record in these rocks consists predominantly of bacteria or microfossils (Picconi, 2006). 4.2.2.2 Pennsylvania Summary Paleontologically sensitive geological units in Pennsylvania’s PSA include predominantly Paleozoic and Cenozoic deposits. Paleozoic deposits range from shallow marine deposits that contain limestone and mudstones to terrestrial sandstone deposits. Inscribed in the Cenozoic deposits of the PSA is also the continental collision of Gondwana. Fossils include many different marine forms, such as trilobites, and terrestrial deposits such as scale trees and ferns. Cenozoic deposits include glacial deposits containing large-vertebrate fossils. Quaternary - Ice sheets covered much of the PSA during the Late Quaternary. Sediments left by the melting ice can be found in many areas. Mastodons, ground sloths, and saber-toothed cats roamed most of the state. Fossils of plants, such as willow and sedge, help paleontologists decipher the complex climatic history of Pennsylvania during the Quaternary (Springer, 2008b). Jurassic – Jurassic-era deposits are found in Pennsylvania but not within the PSA (Springer, 2008b). Triassic – Triassic-era deposits are found in Pennsylvania but not within the PSA (Springer, 2008b). Permian - Since the Permian was primarily a time of erosion in the state, few outcrops of this age have been identified. However, ostracods and a few tiny fish teeth have been recovered (Springer, 2008b). Northern Border Activities H-155 July 2012
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APPENDIX H HISTORIC, ARCHAEOLOGICAL
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Relatively few early Paleo-Indian s
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to 8,690±50 B.P. and 8,670±60 B.P
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midden at the Knox site. The first
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fauna diminished (as did the specie
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Woodland Period The first use of ce
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In general, early archaeological si
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more during the Archaic period by c
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ever occupied” (Thomas et al., 19
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1.1.3 GREAT LAKES REGION 1.1.3.1 St
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same contexts, such as at the Front
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Ritchie and Funk, 1973:97). Graves
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ectangular-shaped houses (Engelbrec
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Early Archaic preference towards oc
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York just north of the Pennsylvania
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2000:99). Typical ceramic vessels f
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Early Archaic projectile point form
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typically located on high terrain n
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worked projectile points; anvilston
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epresented as the late prehistoric
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encampments occurred in the moraina
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northerly ceramics with ceramics mo
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1999; Fitting, 1974; Franzen, 1987;
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Beginning as early as the tenth cen
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they comprised were copper implemen
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“mobile bands using large territo
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Figure H-2. Prehistoric/Precontact
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Site types range across the full sp
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Figure H-4. Plateau and Northern Ro
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of processed resources such as char
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large part to poor preservation of
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climate, which was at a peak of war
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the early to middle Holocene (ca. 8
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archaeological record of residentia
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In northern Maine, the Madawaska se
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1.2.1.2 State of New Hampshire Con
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Agriculture Mid-nineteenth- to earl
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United States and Europe. Rustic ca
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forts in the Champlain Valley, New
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accommodate plows pulled by oxen, h
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1.2.2 GREAT LAKES REGION 1.2.2.1 St
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Transportation Overland roads were
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several wind-energy projects and wi
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in 1759 (Waddell and Bomberger, 199
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During the Revolutionary War, Major
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the years after the Civil War, grap
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Disagreements over this area erupte
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Figure H-8. Ohio Land Grants and Su
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made of frame construction, and lat
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transfiguring industry in general w
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crossings. The bridge follows a sim
Page 103 and 104: influx of German and Scandinavian i
Page 105 and 106: The first routes through the wilder
Page 107 and 108: Montana is rich in mineral resource
Page 109 and 110: Figure H-9. Early Trails, Trading P
Page 111 and 112: Figure H-10. Railroad System in Ida
Page 113 and 114: Midwestern reserves of white pine b
Page 115 and 116: to wildlife preserves, parks and pr
Page 117 and 118: Social and Cultural Single men pred
Page 119 and 120: the Puget Sound region and a few in
Page 121 and 122: community airfields. By this time,
Page 123 and 124: until the 1960s (Fahey, 1986:175-17
Page 125 and 126: Among the first actions of Washingt
Page 127 and 128: 2 NATIVE AMERICAN SACRED SITES AND
Page 129 and 130: includes the Vermont Historic Prese
Page 131 and 132: 2.1.4 WOR REGION 2.1.4.1 States of
Page 133 and 134: Object. An object is defined as a s
Page 135 and 136: Structures The most imposing histor
Page 137 and 138: figures, and the women’s rights m
Page 139 and 140: Table H-1. Representative Architect
Page 141 and 142: Allegheny County Owned River Bridge
Page 143 and 144: Architectural Styles/Forms Building
Page 145 and 146: Numerous historic-era lodges, resor
Page 147 and 148: oads and rail lines connected the r
Page 149 and 150: 4 PALEONTOLOGIC RESOURCES This Pale
Page 151 and 152: to the geological study-area maps a
Page 153: 4.2.1.2 New Hampshire Summary Paleo
Page 157 and 158: 4.2.2.4 Michigan Summary Paleontolo
Page 159 and 160: Cretaceous - A northeastern extensi
Page 161 and 162: warm, with wetter conditions near t
Page 163 and 164: 4.2.4.2 Washington Summary Paleonto
Page 165 and 166: Northern Border Activities H-165 Ju
Page 167 and 168: Figure H-16. Geologically Relevant
Page 173 and 174: The nature of consultation in Secti
Page 175 and 176: NHPA and 36 CFR 800, it established
Page 177 and 178: invertebrate and plant paleontologi
Page 179 and 180: For above-ground culture resources
Page 181 and 182: Cultural resource laws for New Hamp
Page 183 and 184: It does not appear that a permit is
Page 185 and 186: farming or forestry). Some other si
Page 187 and 188: Maintains the New York State Regist
Page 189 and 190: Historic resources are addressed in
Page 191 and 192: Permit or other requirements for ar
Page 193 and 194: State preservation plan: The OHPO S
Page 195 and 196: State preservation plan Michigan’
Page 197 and 198: Provides technical assistance to lo
Page 199 and 200: Indians, and the Stockbridge-Munsee
Page 201 and 202: 5. To expand and enhance efforts to
Page 203 and 204: The Archaeology and Historic Preser
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Administering Federal tax incentive
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State Historic Preservation Office
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Oversees the identification and eva
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REFERENCES (Aaberg, et al., 2003).
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(Blaisdell, 1982). Blaisdell, Katha
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(Bunker, 1994). Bunker, V. 1994. Ne
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(Churchill, 1967). Churchill, M. G.
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(DeMallie, 2001a). DeMallie, R. J.
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(Fahey, 1965). Fahey, John. 1965. I
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(Funk and Hoagland, 1972). Funk, R.
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(Hackbarth, 2003). Hackbarth, Linda
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(Hickcox, 1983). Hickcox, David H.
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(Johnson, 1988). Johnson, Curtis B.
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(Langhorne, 1976). Langhorne, Willi
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(Maymon and Bolian, 1992). Maymon,
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(MN SHPO, 2006). Minnesota State Hi
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(Ozker, 1982). Ozker, D. B. 1982. A
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(Randall and Ryan, 1912). Randall,
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(Sanford, 1894). Sanford, L. G. 189
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(Stamps and Zurel, 1980). Stamps, R
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(Stothers, et al., 2001). Stothers,
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(USDA, 2007). U.S. Department of Ag
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(Wright, 1972). Wright, J. V. 1972.
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