Appendix H - Historical Archaeological and ... - CBP.gov

2000:99). Typical ceramic vessels from nearby northeastern Ohio were “unimaginative plain or
cordmarked…ceramics with slightly curved rims” (Brose, 2000:99). Other Middle Woodland
artifacts include small projectile points (such as the Levanna, Jack’s Reef and Raccoon Notched
types), bone awls and barbed points, bifacial knives, scrapers, drills, netsinkers, celts, adzes,
copper fishhooks and gorges, antler points, bone daggers, and compound bone fishhooks (Funk,
1983:337-343; Justice, 1995:215-220, 228). Later Middle Woodland sites in New York and
Ohio have post mold patterns suggesting round houses (Brose, 2000:99; Funk, 1983:340).
Several types of sites are known, including large semi-permanent recurrently-occupied camps,
small seasonal recurrently occupied camps, workshops, and small temporary camps (Brose,
2000:99; Ritchie and Funk, 1973:349-354). In New York, sites typically occur on rivers, lakes,
and in areas near marshes, bogs, and springs; in northern Ohio they are on bluffs overlooking
major rivers (Bowen, 1992:63; Brose, 2000:99; Ritchie and Funk, 1973:349-354).
Late Woodland
In northwestern Pennsylvania, the Late Woodland spans the years between 1,000 B.P. and the
Protohistoric period – the time when European goods were reaching Native American groups,
but before the point when there was direct contact between Indians and Europeans (generally
around 1525 A.D.-1550 A.D./425 B.P.-400 B.P. in New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio (Bradley,
2005; Engelbrecht, 2003:133-137; Snow, 2000:77-78; Stothers, 2000:52-53]). Developments
during the Late Woodland include the adoption of horticulture based on maize, squash, and
beans, increasingly sedentary settlement patterns, the nucleation of groups into historicallyknown
population centers, and the appearance of pallisaded villages with longhouses. In
northwestern Pennsylvania, the time period is primarily represented by the Eastwall/McFate
Tradition, which is distinguished from surrounding traditions largely on the basis of pottery
attributes (Johnson, 1976). People throughout the area were manufactured diagnostic small
triangular (Madison-type) projectile points (Justice, 1995:224-227). Late Woodland inhabitants
of northwestern Pennsylvania were probably Iroquoian speakers (Johnson, 1976).
Early Late Woodland (pre-700 B.P.) settlements in northwestern Pennsylvania had oval houses,
while later ones had rectanguloid structures and were concentrated on high river bluffs. After ca.
500 B.P., villages were “on high dissected plateaus, overlooking sheltered arable flood plains”
(Brose, 2000:106-107). Their occupants also employed smaller camps along upland rivers, in
rockshelters, and along lakeshores for hunting and fishing (Brose, 2000:107). McFate is an
important site in northwestern Pennsylvania (Johnson, 1976).
Protohistoric and Historic Periods
Items of European manufacture appear on Native American archaeological sites throughout the
study area in New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania beginning in the first half of the sixteenth
century A.D. (ca. 450 B.P.-400 B.P.). Such artifacts were quickly integrated into the material
culture inventories of native groups and included: sheet brass, copper and iron kettles; items
derived from sheet metal kettles, including tinkling cones, projectile points, and other tools and
ornamental items; colorful glass trade beads; and iron axe blades (Bradley, 2005:69-80). 'True'
Wampum - small white and purple beads made from marine shells drilled with metal tools - also
dates to the Protohistoric (Ceci, 1989:72-73; Tooker, 1978:422). Site locations were generally
similar to those during the Late Woodland. There is some evidence that Iroquoian-speaking
people in northwestern Pennsylvania and extreme northeastern (possibly Neutral) Ohio
Northern Border Activities H-31 July 2012