Appendix H - Historical Archaeological and ... - CBP.gov

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period, possibly related to a corresponding increase in the procurement and processing of plant food products. The major change observed in the material culture of the Middle Precontact Period is evidenced by the disappearance of lanceolate and large stemmed projectile points, typical of the Early Precontact/Paleo-Indian Period. The tool collection is exemplified by side-notched and cornernotched point types. Throughout the area, the characteristic site types include lithic scatters and tool production sites, camp sites, game drives and processing sites, and related occupation and use areas. Middle Precontact (middle portion)/Middle Plains Archaic Period The middle portion of the Middle Precontact Period (ca. 5,000 B.P.–3,000 B.P.), discussed by Reeves (1970, 1983), corresponds to Frison’s (1991) definition of the Middle Plains Archaic Period. This differentiated period appears to be one of transition in climatic conditions, availability of natural resources, and corresponding changes in human cultural attributes and artifact assemblages. Although there are possibly older examples within the area of Montana, stone tipi rings are represented in the archaeological record by 4,000 years B.P. (Brumley and Dickerson, 2000). Diagnostic stone tools, in the form of projectile points and other biface tools, identified in the archaeological record during this time interval, show a continuation of the side-notched and corner-notched forms of the previous sub-period. Other stone tools include oval bifaces, lanceolate-shaped bifaces, knives, small end scrapers, unifacial knives and side-scrapers, small pebble hammerstones, chopping tools, irregular polyhedral cores, perforators, and flake tools (Melton, 1988; Aaberg et al, 2003). Site types range the full spectrum, from lithic scatters and tool production sites, quarry sites, and habitation sites with tipi rings, to camp sites, game drives and processing sites, and related occupation and use areas. Middle Precontact (late portion)/Late Plains Archaic Period This sub-period (ca. 3,000 B.P.–1,500 B.P.) is characterized by a continuation of big game hunting, with emphasis on bison in the plains and lower mountain valley regions of Montana. Strong evidence for large-scale, communal bison kills date to this time (Aaberg et al, 2006:177). Acquisition of bison during this period is documented from drives, cliff jumps, traps, and impoundments. Increased use of the tipi as a habitation structure is noted during this period. Ceramics first appear at cultural sites on the plains of eastern Montana at the end of this time period (Kornfeld et al, 2010:432-440). Continued use of ground stone implements is also seen in the archaeological record, along with use of the atlatl for throwing hafted projectile points. The dominant tool kit of the late portion of the Middle Precontact/Late Plains Archaic Period includes predominantly corner-notch projectile points and lithic tools, flake tools, drills, scrapers, bifacial cores, beveled edge bifacial knives, and ground stone tools (Ferguson, 2003; Frison, 1991; Kornfeld et al, 2010). Northern Border Activities H-54 July 2012
Site types range across the full spectrum, from lithic scatters and tool production sites, quarry sites, and habitation sites with tipi rings, to field-camp sites, game drives, kill sites and processing areas, rock cairns, and related occupation and use areas. Late Precontact/Late Prehistoric Period The major shift in technology that occurred at the beginning of the Late Precontact/Late Prehistoric Period (ca. 1,500 B.P.–200 B.P.) throughout Montana is the introduction of the bow and arrow (Frison, 1991; Kornfeld et al., 2010). Large game hunting, with a focus on bison procurement, including communal kills and hunting, is seen as the primary subsistence adaptation of the time (Aaberg, 2006:185). Many other species of game and smaller animals were also acquired, often throughout a broader seasonal schedule. Other cultural attributes of the period within Montana include relatively large quantities of projectile points and point preforms, large numbers and types of bone and sandstone tools, as well as faunal remains from rodents and large ungulates (Fredlund 1988). Ceramics also have been identified at sites in the northern extent of the Plains (Johnson, 1988; Quigg, 1988). As is the case with the earlier period, site types during this time range across the full spectrum, from lithic scatters and tool production sites, quarry sites, and habitation sites with tipi rings, to field-camp sites, game drives, kill sites and processing areas, rock cairns, trails, and related occupation, ceremonial sites, and use areas. Postcontact/Protohistoric Period The beginning of the Postcontact/Protohistoric Period (ca. 250 B.P.–100 B.P.) is generally defined as the time during which the horse and European trade goods were introduced to native cultures. The acquisition of the horse, guns, metal knives, and other goods from the eastern United States caused a dramatic change in the established but dynamic cultures of the Native American’s residing in the Northern Rocky Mountains and Northwestern Plains. As a result, hunting and subsistence strategies began to change at this time as well. The Post contact Period resulted in a blending of cultural artifacts, tools, and cultural activities – a combining of traditional technologies and items with newly acquired trade items. The traditional tool kit was supplemented by factory made fabrics, European-style clothing and ornaments, trade beads, guns, and ammunition, as well as metal objects, including tools, cookware, knives, arrow points, axes, and lances. 1.1.5 WEST OF THE ROCKIES (WOR) REGION 1.1.5.1 States of Washington and Idaho Two Native American Culture Areas, defined over the past century by anthropologists and archaeologists, provide a useful characterization of the pre-contact archaeology and ethnography of Washington and Idaho within the Northern Border Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS) project area. The Northwest Coast Culture Area (Figure H-3) is comprised of linguistic groups that inhabited the Pacific Coast of the United States and Canada, from northern California to the Alaskan Panhandle and extending inland one hundred miles or more into the Cascade and Coastal mountain ranges. The Plateau and Northern Rocky Mountain Culture Area (Figure H-4) is comprised of linguistic groups inhabiting intermontane western North America Northern Border Activities H-55 July 2012
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APPENDIX H HISTORIC, ARCHAEOLOGICAL
Page 3 and 4: Relatively few early Paleo-Indian s
Page 5 and 6: to 8,690±50 B.P. and 8,670±60 B.P
Page 7 and 8: midden at the Knox site. The first
Page 9 and 10: fauna diminished (as did the specie
Page 11 and 12: Woodland Period The first use of ce
Page 13 and 14: In general, early archaeological si
Page 15 and 16: more during the Archaic period by c
Page 17 and 18: ever occupied” (Thomas et al., 19
Page 19 and 20: 1.1.3 GREAT LAKES REGION 1.1.3.1 St
Page 21 and 22: same contexts, such as at the Front
Page 23 and 24: Ritchie and Funk, 1973:97). Graves
Page 25 and 26: ectangular-shaped houses (Engelbrec
Page 27 and 28: Early Archaic preference towards oc
Page 29 and 30: York just north of the Pennsylvania
Page 31 and 32: 2000:99). Typical ceramic vessels f
Page 33 and 34: Early Archaic projectile point form
Page 35 and 36: typically located on high terrain n
Page 37 and 38: worked projectile points; anvilston
Page 39 and 40: epresented as the late prehistoric
Page 41 and 42: encampments occurred in the moraina
Page 43 and 44: northerly ceramics with ceramics mo
Page 45 and 46: 1999; Fitting, 1974; Franzen, 1987;
Page 47 and 48: Beginning as early as the tenth cen
Page 49 and 50: they comprised were copper implemen
Page 51 and 52: “mobile bands using large territo
Page 53: Figure H-2. Prehistoric/Precontact
Page 57 and 58: Figure H-4. Plateau and Northern Ro
Page 59 and 60: of processed resources such as char
Page 61 and 62: large part to poor preservation of
Page 63 and 64: climate, which was at a peak of war
Page 65 and 66: the early to middle Holocene (ca. 8
Page 67 and 68: archaeological record of residentia
Page 69 and 70: In northern Maine, the Madawaska se
Page 71 and 72: 1.2.1.2 State of New Hampshire Con
Page 73 and 74: Agriculture Mid-nineteenth- to earl
Page 75 and 76: United States and Europe. Rustic ca
Page 77 and 78: forts in the Champlain Valley, New
Page 79 and 80: accommodate plows pulled by oxen, h
Page 81 and 82: 1.2.2 GREAT LAKES REGION 1.2.2.1 St
Page 83 and 84: Transportation Overland roads were
Page 85 and 86: several wind-energy projects and wi
Page 87 and 88: in 1759 (Waddell and Bomberger, 199
Page 89 and 90: During the Revolutionary War, Major
Page 91 and 92: the years after the Civil War, grap
Page 93 and 94: Disagreements over this area erupte
Page 95 and 96: Figure H-8. Ohio Land Grants and Su
Page 97 and 98: made of frame construction, and lat
Page 99 and 100: transfiguring industry in general w
Page 101 and 102: crossings. The bridge follows a sim
Page 103 and 104: influx of German and Scandinavian i
Page 105 and 106:
The first routes through the wilder
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Montana is rich in mineral resource
Page 109 and 110:
Figure H-9. Early Trails, Trading P
Page 111 and 112:
Figure H-10. Railroad System in Ida
Page 113 and 114:
Midwestern reserves of white pine b
Page 115 and 116:
to wildlife preserves, parks and pr
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Social and Cultural Single men pred
Page 119 and 120:
the Puget Sound region and a few in
Page 121 and 122:
community airfields. By this time,
Page 123 and 124:
until the 1960s (Fahey, 1986:175-17
Page 125 and 126:
Among the first actions of Washingt
Page 127 and 128:
2 NATIVE AMERICAN SACRED SITES AND
Page 129 and 130:
includes the Vermont Historic Prese
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2.1.4 WOR REGION 2.1.4.1 States of
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Object. An object is defined as a s
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Structures The most imposing histor
Page 137 and 138:
figures, and the women’s rights m
Page 139 and 140:
Table H-1. Representative Architect
Page 141 and 142:
Allegheny County Owned River Bridge
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Architectural Styles/Forms Building
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Numerous historic-era lodges, resor
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oads and rail lines connected the r
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4 PALEONTOLOGIC RESOURCES This Pale
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to the geological study-area maps a
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4.2.1.2 New Hampshire Summary Paleo
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achiopods, nautiloids, and even rar
Page 157 and 158:
4.2.2.4 Michigan Summary Paleontolo
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Cretaceous - A northeastern extensi
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warm, with wetter conditions near t
Page 163 and 164:
4.2.4.2 Washington Summary Paleonto
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Northern Border Activities H-165 Ju
Page 167 and 168:
Figure H-16. Geologically Relevant
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
The nature of consultation in Secti
Page 175 and 176:
NHPA and 36 CFR 800, it established
Page 177 and 178:
invertebrate and plant paleontologi
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For above-ground culture resources
Page 181 and 182:
Cultural resource laws for New Hamp
Page 183 and 184:
It does not appear that a permit is
Page 185 and 186:
farming or forestry). Some other si
Page 187 and 188:
Maintains the New York State Regist
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Historic resources are addressed in
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Permit or other requirements for ar
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State preservation plan: The OHPO S
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State preservation plan Michigan’
Page 197 and 198:
Provides technical assistance to lo
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Indians, and the Stockbridge-Munsee
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5. To expand and enhance efforts to
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The Archaeology and Historic Preser
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Administering Federal tax incentive
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State Historic Preservation Office
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Oversees the identification and eva
Page 211 and 212:
REFERENCES (Aaberg, et al., 2003).
Page 213 and 214:
(Blaisdell, 1982). Blaisdell, Katha
Page 215 and 216:
(Bunker, 1994). Bunker, V. 1994. Ne
Page 217 and 218:
(Churchill, 1967). Churchill, M. G.
Page 219 and 220:
(DeMallie, 2001a). DeMallie, R. J.
Page 221 and 222:
(Fahey, 1965). Fahey, John. 1965. I
Page 223 and 224:
(Funk and Hoagland, 1972). Funk, R.
Page 225 and 226:
(Hackbarth, 2003). Hackbarth, Linda
Page 227 and 228:
(Hickcox, 1983). Hickcox, David H.
Page 229 and 230:
(Johnson, 1988). Johnson, Curtis B.
Page 231 and 232:
(Langhorne, 1976). Langhorne, Willi
Page 233 and 234:
(Maymon and Bolian, 1992). Maymon,
Page 235 and 236:
(MN SHPO, 2006). Minnesota State Hi
Page 237 and 238:
(Ozker, 1982). Ozker, D. B. 1982. A
Page 239 and 240:
(Randall and Ryan, 1912). Randall,
Page 241 and 242:
(Sanford, 1894). Sanford, L. G. 189
Page 243 and 244:
(Stamps and Zurel, 1980). Stamps, R
Page 245 and 246:
(Stothers, et al., 2001). Stothers,
Page 247 and 248:
(USDA, 2007). U.S. Department of Ag
Page 249 and 250:
(Wright, 1972). Wright, J. V. 1972.
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