Appendix H - Historical Archaeological and ... - CBP.gov

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Figure H-7. French Outposts in Western New York and Northwestern Pennsylvania During the Mid-Eighteenth Century Source: (Severance 1917). Northern Border Activities H-88 July 2012
During the Revolutionary War, Major General John Sullivan campaign into New York’s Haudenosaunee country had a Pennsylvania component. Colonel Daniel Broadhead, 8 th Pennsylvania Regiment, led a complementary maneuver to drive British-allied nations from the Allegheny valley in western Pennsylvania. The Americans destroyed ten native villages during their march up the Allegheny River between Fort Pitt and Olean Point (New York). Provisioned and armed by the British, groups of Native Americans periodically harassed colonial settlements until the end of the war (Abler and Tooker, 1978:508; Department of General Services, 2009:1- 16). After the conclusion of the Revolution, the Haudenosaunee were forced to make peace as separate nations with the Americans. As a result, they relinquished all their land west of the Niagara River in the subsequent Second Fort Stanwix Treaty (1784). During these negotiations, the Haudenosaunee also sold the title to their land in Pennsylvania in a series of deeds. During the Fort McIntosh treaty negotiations (1785), the Delaware and Wyandot also released their claims to land in Pennsylvania to the Commonwealth ((Abler and Tooker, 1978:507-508; Ellis et al., 1967:115-117). Hunter, 1978:593; Davis, 1986:199; Pennsylvania Historical Museum Commission [PHMC], 2008). European-American settlement of northwestern Pennsylvania dates from the end of the American Revolution as traders and settlers entered the upper Ohio Valley through the major river systems and Lake Erie. These water routes were interconnected within a complex system of inland Indian and military paths and served as channels of both commerce and communication. Pennsylvania purchased the Erie Triangle from the Federal Government in 1792 in hopes that the port located at Erie would attract the developing Great Lakes commercial traffic, where it would be conveyed through Pennsylvania to the busy Atlantic Ocean ports at Philadelphia. However, the construction of the Erie Canal in New York turned this dream to smoke (Tindall, 1988:266-268; Fletcher, 1971:6; Davis, 1986:199, 206). During the closing years of the Revolutionary War, numerous states and the Federal Government attempted to compensate soldiers who fought against the British with grants of land. In 1780, the Pennsylvania General Assembly reserved land north and west of the Ohio and Allegheny rivers as “Donation Lands,” to be distributed through a lottery to Pennsylvania veterans. Three years later, additional territory in this region was designated as “Depreciation Lands” to replace “certificates of depreciation” that had been given to Pennsylvania’s veterans in compensation for the great depreciation in Continental currency. Settlement had to wait, however, until Native American title to these lands had been extinguished. As noted, title was secured by 1785 (Fletcher, 1971:10; Davis, 1986:199; Wallace, 1978:443-444). After machinations over the extent of colonial charters, restitution to Revolutionary soldiers, attempted settlement of expatriate French nobility, and squatters occupying unsettled lands, most of the newly opened frontier areas in the state were patented in large tracts of land to speculators. The rugged western Pennsylvania countryside saw little actual settlement as the land was considered practically worthless (Fletcher, 1971:26, 30; Currin, 2001; Frederick, ca. 2000; Schadenberger and Wilson 2001 [1947]). The rugged, heavily forested terrain and the distance from established settlements retarded the area’s initial growth away from the lake shore. Migration from eastern New York and New Northern Border Activities H-89 July 2012
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APPENDIX H HISTORIC, ARCHAEOLOGICAL
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Relatively few early Paleo-Indian s
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to 8,690±50 B.P. and 8,670±60 B.P
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midden at the Knox site. The first
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fauna diminished (as did the specie
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Woodland Period The first use of ce
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In general, early archaeological si
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more during the Archaic period by c
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ever occupied” (Thomas et al., 19
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1.1.3 GREAT LAKES REGION 1.1.3.1 St
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same contexts, such as at the Front
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Ritchie and Funk, 1973:97). Graves
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ectangular-shaped houses (Engelbrec
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Early Archaic preference towards oc
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York just north of the Pennsylvania
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2000:99). Typical ceramic vessels f
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Early Archaic projectile point form
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typically located on high terrain n
Page 37 and 38: worked projectile points; anvilston
Page 39 and 40: epresented as the late prehistoric
Page 41 and 42: encampments occurred in the moraina
Page 43 and 44: northerly ceramics with ceramics mo
Page 45 and 46: 1999; Fitting, 1974; Franzen, 1987;
Page 47 and 48: Beginning as early as the tenth cen
Page 49 and 50: they comprised were copper implemen
Page 51 and 52: “mobile bands using large territo
Page 53 and 54: Figure H-2. Prehistoric/Precontact
Page 55 and 56: Site types range across the full sp
Page 57 and 58: Figure H-4. Plateau and Northern Ro
Page 59 and 60: of processed resources such as char
Page 61 and 62: large part to poor preservation of
Page 63 and 64: climate, which was at a peak of war
Page 65 and 66: the early to middle Holocene (ca. 8
Page 67 and 68: archaeological record of residentia
Page 69 and 70: In northern Maine, the Madawaska se
Page 71 and 72: 1.2.1.2 State of New Hampshire Con
Page 73 and 74: Agriculture Mid-nineteenth- to earl
Page 75 and 76: United States and Europe. Rustic ca
Page 77 and 78: forts in the Champlain Valley, New
Page 79 and 80: accommodate plows pulled by oxen, h
Page 81 and 82: 1.2.2 GREAT LAKES REGION 1.2.2.1 St
Page 83 and 84: Transportation Overland roads were
Page 85 and 86: several wind-energy projects and wi
Page 87: in 1759 (Waddell and Bomberger, 199
Page 91 and 92: the years after the Civil War, grap
Page 93 and 94: Disagreements over this area erupte
Page 95 and 96: Figure H-8. Ohio Land Grants and Su
Page 97 and 98: made of frame construction, and lat
Page 99 and 100: transfiguring industry in general w
Page 101 and 102: crossings. The bridge follows a sim
Page 103 and 104: influx of German and Scandinavian i
Page 105 and 106: The first routes through the wilder
Page 107 and 108: Montana is rich in mineral resource
Page 109 and 110: Figure H-9. Early Trails, Trading P
Page 111 and 112: Figure H-10. Railroad System in Ida
Page 113 and 114: Midwestern reserves of white pine b
Page 115 and 116: to wildlife preserves, parks and pr
Page 117 and 118: Social and Cultural Single men pred
Page 119 and 120: the Puget Sound region and a few in
Page 121 and 122: community airfields. By this time,
Page 123 and 124: until the 1960s (Fahey, 1986:175-17
Page 125 and 126: Among the first actions of Washingt
Page 127 and 128: 2 NATIVE AMERICAN SACRED SITES AND
Page 129 and 130: includes the Vermont Historic Prese
Page 131 and 132: 2.1.4 WOR REGION 2.1.4.1 States of
Page 133 and 134: Object. An object is defined as a s
Page 135 and 136: Structures The most imposing histor
Page 137 and 138: figures, and the women’s rights m
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Table H-1. Representative Architect
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Allegheny County Owned River Bridge
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Architectural Styles/Forms Building
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Numerous historic-era lodges, resor
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oads and rail lines connected the r
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4 PALEONTOLOGIC RESOURCES This Pale
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to the geological study-area maps a
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4.2.1.2 New Hampshire Summary Paleo
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achiopods, nautiloids, and even rar
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4.2.2.4 Michigan Summary Paleontolo
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Cretaceous - A northeastern extensi
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warm, with wetter conditions near t
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4.2.4.2 Washington Summary Paleonto
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Northern Border Activities H-165 Ju
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Figure H-16. Geologically Relevant
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Page 171 and 172:
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The nature of consultation in Secti
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NHPA and 36 CFR 800, it established
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invertebrate and plant paleontologi
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For above-ground culture resources
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Cultural resource laws for New Hamp
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It does not appear that a permit is
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farming or forestry). Some other si
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Maintains the New York State Regist
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Historic resources are addressed in
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Permit or other requirements for ar
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State preservation plan: The OHPO S
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State preservation plan Michigan’
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Provides technical assistance to lo
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Indians, and the Stockbridge-Munsee
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5. To expand and enhance efforts to
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The Archaeology and Historic Preser
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Administering Federal tax incentive
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State Historic Preservation Office
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Oversees the identification and eva
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REFERENCES (Aaberg, et al., 2003).
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(Blaisdell, 1982). Blaisdell, Katha
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(Bunker, 1994). Bunker, V. 1994. Ne
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(Churchill, 1967). Churchill, M. G.
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(DeMallie, 2001a). DeMallie, R. J.
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(Fahey, 1965). Fahey, John. 1965. I
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(Funk and Hoagland, 1972). Funk, R.
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(Hackbarth, 2003). Hackbarth, Linda
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(Hickcox, 1983). Hickcox, David H.
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(Johnson, 1988). Johnson, Curtis B.
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(Langhorne, 1976). Langhorne, Willi
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(Maymon and Bolian, 1992). Maymon,
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(MN SHPO, 2006). Minnesota State Hi
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(Ozker, 1982). Ozker, D. B. 1982. A
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(Randall and Ryan, 1912). Randall,
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(Sanford, 1894). Sanford, L. G. 189
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(Stamps and Zurel, 1980). Stamps, R
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(Stothers, et al., 2001). Stothers,
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(USDA, 2007). U.S. Department of Ag
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(Wright, 1972). Wright, J. V. 1972.
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