Appendix H - Historical Archaeological and ... - CBP.gov

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Figure H-6. Plateau Culture Area Chronology Early Period The Early Period (12,000 – 8,000 B.P.) spans the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene, a time of initial human settlement when continental glaciers retreated north and climate remained warmer and drier than today. The Paleo-Indian archaeological components that date to this age are rare throughout the Plateau. The East Wenatchee Clovis Cache was discovered in Grant County just south of the PEIS zone and represents a notable, if atypical, assemblage of Clovis projectile points and other lithic and bone artifacts that date to this period. More widespread are components dated to the Early Period based on the presence of projectile points of the Western Stemmed Tradition, which may represent a separate influx of humans into the region around the time of the Pleistocene-Holocene transition (Beck and Jones, 2010). Humans adapted to environmental changes during the Early Period by utilizing a wide range of subsistence resources and establishing short-term camps near those resources. The Northern Border Activities H-66 July 2012
archaeological record of residential camps is extremely sparse during this period, probably due to a combination of very low population densities and poor preservation of landforms of suitable age that would host such sites. Most sites consist of concentrations of lithic material on geologically older landforms. A variety of projectile points used to arm spears and darts are stylistically diagnostic to the Early Period and are frequently used to assign otherwise undated lithic assemblages to this time, including fluted and concave-based points of the Clovis and Folsom tradition and lanceolate stemmed points of the Windust tradition. Middle Period The Middle Period (ca. 8,000 B.P.–4,000 B.P.) spans the middle of the Holocene epoch, a time of shifting climatic regimes and concomitant changes in vegetation patterns and subsistence resource distribution. Human adaptations to these changes resulted in an archaeological record that highlights variability in residential site structure, subsistence economies, and other aspects of social structure such as mortuary practices between different regions within the Plateau Culture Area. Housepits make their first appearance in the archaeological record during this time, along with widespread direct evidence of root utilization. Change in land use towards a greater reliance on riverine and plant resources is manifested in the archaeological record by sites located along salmon-bearing streams, near freshwater mussel habitat, and in areas where important edible roots thrived during mid-Holocene climatic amelioration. Faunal assemblages from riverine sites attest to the importance of fish and freshwater mussels, as do ground bone and stone fishing gear. Milling stones and hopper mortar bases at some sites reflect plant processing. The persistence of hunting as an important activity is, however, apparent in the record from campsites with hunting gear in a variety of environmental zones. Along with certain kinds of plant processing artifacts, projectile points diagnostic of this time period include willow leaf-shaped points of the Cascade/Old Cordilleran tradition and large side-notched points. Late Period The Late Period (ca. 4,000 B.P.–300 B.P.) encompasses a time in which the regional climate first cooled and then warmed, resulting in changes in human population, pithouse construction, resource availability and economic orientation, and social structure. The small numbers of house pits along major salmon-bearing rivers that characterize the initial Late Period become clustered in larger numbers and highly variable in size by the middle of the Late Period. Towards the end of the Late Period prior to Euro-American contact, many of the larger village sites were apparently abandoned as land use favored more upland areas for much of the annual round and pithouses were established upstream in protected valleys of smaller tributaries. Although there is some debate regarding human population levels in the Plateau towards the end of the Late Period, artifacts assemblages exhibit a growing diversity of tool types, raw materials suggesting long-distance trade networks stretching from the Great Plains to the Pacific Coast, and plant and animal remains indicative of expanding diet breadth. Projectile point styles are at their most complex during this time and include a variety of small arrowheads as well as points to arm larger projectiles. Northern Border Activities H-67 July 2012
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APPENDIX H HISTORIC, ARCHAEOLOGICAL
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Relatively few early Paleo-Indian s
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to 8,690±50 B.P. and 8,670±60 B.P
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midden at the Knox site. The first
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fauna diminished (as did the specie
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Woodland Period The first use of ce
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In general, early archaeological si
Page 15 and 16: more during the Archaic period by c
Page 17 and 18: ever occupied” (Thomas et al., 19
Page 19 and 20: 1.1.3 GREAT LAKES REGION 1.1.3.1 St
Page 21 and 22: same contexts, such as at the Front
Page 23 and 24: Ritchie and Funk, 1973:97). Graves
Page 25 and 26: ectangular-shaped houses (Engelbrec
Page 27 and 28: Early Archaic preference towards oc
Page 29 and 30: York just north of the Pennsylvania
Page 31 and 32: 2000:99). Typical ceramic vessels f
Page 33 and 34: Early Archaic projectile point form
Page 35 and 36: typically located on high terrain n
Page 37 and 38: worked projectile points; anvilston
Page 39 and 40: epresented as the late prehistoric
Page 41 and 42: encampments occurred in the moraina
Page 43 and 44: northerly ceramics with ceramics mo
Page 45 and 46: 1999; Fitting, 1974; Franzen, 1987;
Page 47 and 48: Beginning as early as the tenth cen
Page 49 and 50: they comprised were copper implemen
Page 51 and 52: “mobile bands using large territo
Page 53 and 54: Figure H-2. Prehistoric/Precontact
Page 55 and 56: Site types range across the full sp
Page 57 and 58: Figure H-4. Plateau and Northern Ro
Page 59 and 60: of processed resources such as char
Page 61 and 62: large part to poor preservation of
Page 63 and 64: climate, which was at a peak of war
Page 65: the early to middle Holocene (ca. 8
Page 69 and 70: In northern Maine, the Madawaska se
Page 71 and 72: 1.2.1.2 State of New Hampshire Con
Page 73 and 74: Agriculture Mid-nineteenth- to earl
Page 75 and 76: United States and Europe. Rustic ca
Page 77 and 78: forts in the Champlain Valley, New
Page 79 and 80: accommodate plows pulled by oxen, h
Page 81 and 82: 1.2.2 GREAT LAKES REGION 1.2.2.1 St
Page 83 and 84: Transportation Overland roads were
Page 85 and 86: several wind-energy projects and wi
Page 87 and 88: in 1759 (Waddell and Bomberger, 199
Page 89 and 90: During the Revolutionary War, Major
Page 91 and 92: the years after the Civil War, grap
Page 93 and 94: Disagreements over this area erupte
Page 95 and 96: Figure H-8. Ohio Land Grants and Su
Page 97 and 98: made of frame construction, and lat
Page 99 and 100: transfiguring industry in general w
Page 101 and 102: crossings. The bridge follows a sim
Page 103 and 104: influx of German and Scandinavian i
Page 105 and 106: The first routes through the wilder
Page 107 and 108: Montana is rich in mineral resource
Page 109 and 110: Figure H-9. Early Trails, Trading P
Page 111 and 112: Figure H-10. Railroad System in Ida
Page 113 and 114: Midwestern reserves of white pine b
Page 115 and 116: to wildlife preserves, parks and pr
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Social and Cultural Single men pred
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the Puget Sound region and a few in
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community airfields. By this time,
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until the 1960s (Fahey, 1986:175-17
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Among the first actions of Washingt
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2 NATIVE AMERICAN SACRED SITES AND
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includes the Vermont Historic Prese
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2.1.4 WOR REGION 2.1.4.1 States of
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Object. An object is defined as a s
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Structures The most imposing histor
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figures, and the women’s rights m
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Table H-1. Representative Architect
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Allegheny County Owned River Bridge
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Architectural Styles/Forms Building
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Numerous historic-era lodges, resor
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oads and rail lines connected the r
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4 PALEONTOLOGIC RESOURCES This Pale
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to the geological study-area maps a
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4.2.1.2 New Hampshire Summary Paleo
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achiopods, nautiloids, and even rar
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4.2.2.4 Michigan Summary Paleontolo
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Cretaceous - A northeastern extensi
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warm, with wetter conditions near t
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4.2.4.2 Washington Summary Paleonto
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Northern Border Activities H-165 Ju
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Figure H-16. Geologically Relevant
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Page 171 and 172:
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The nature of consultation in Secti
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NHPA and 36 CFR 800, it established
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invertebrate and plant paleontologi
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For above-ground culture resources
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Cultural resource laws for New Hamp
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It does not appear that a permit is
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farming or forestry). Some other si
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Maintains the New York State Regist
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Historic resources are addressed in
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Permit or other requirements for ar
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State preservation plan: The OHPO S
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State preservation plan Michigan’
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Provides technical assistance to lo
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Indians, and the Stockbridge-Munsee
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5. To expand and enhance efforts to
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The Archaeology and Historic Preser
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Administering Federal tax incentive
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State Historic Preservation Office
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Oversees the identification and eva
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REFERENCES (Aaberg, et al., 2003).
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(Blaisdell, 1982). Blaisdell, Katha
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(Bunker, 1994). Bunker, V. 1994. Ne
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(Churchill, 1967). Churchill, M. G.
Page 219 and 220:
(DeMallie, 2001a). DeMallie, R. J.
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(Fahey, 1965). Fahey, John. 1965. I
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(Funk and Hoagland, 1972). Funk, R.
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(Hackbarth, 2003). Hackbarth, Linda
Page 227 and 228:
(Hickcox, 1983). Hickcox, David H.
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(Johnson, 1988). Johnson, Curtis B.
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(Langhorne, 1976). Langhorne, Willi
Page 233 and 234:
(Maymon and Bolian, 1992). Maymon,
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(MN SHPO, 2006). Minnesota State Hi
Page 237 and 238:
(Ozker, 1982). Ozker, D. B. 1982. A
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(Randall and Ryan, 1912). Randall,
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(Sanford, 1894). Sanford, L. G. 189
Page 243 and 244:
(Stamps and Zurel, 1980). Stamps, R
Page 245 and 246:
(Stothers, et al., 2001). Stothers,
Page 247 and 248:
(USDA, 2007). U.S. Department of Ag
Page 249 and 250:
(Wright, 1972). Wright, J. V. 1972.
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