Appendix H - Historical Archaeological and ... - CBP.gov

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Historic property types include administrative facilities, fire protection facilities, maintenance and work facilities, recreational facilities, interpretive features and landscape features. Among the property types associated with infrastructure development are post offices, custom houses, correctional facilities, fire protection facilities and public works, which are represented by generating plants, sewer systems, and dam sites as well as other types of features. Social and cultural properties are broadly defined to include a range of types related to organizations, recreation, health, culture, education, religion and funerary practices as well as the contributions of the region’s diverse population groups. Historic property types associated with social activities include organization facilities with contributing features such as meeting halls, clubhouses and civic facilities. Northern Border Activities H-148 July 2012
4 PALEONTOLOGIC RESOURCES This Paleontological Identification section describes potential paleontological resources located in the northern border study area. This area includes the following states: Washington, Montana, Idaho, North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. The Paleontological Study Area (PSA) includes a 100-mile-wide zone along the northern border. While most paleontological studies focus on the most detailed information available, this study attempts to give a broad but useful overview of the paleontologically sensitive geological units by state. Background research conducted for this study consisted of a literature and map review and a generalized fossil locality search. Most paleontological investigations commonly use a scale of 1:24,000 to describe the paleontological sensitivities of geological units. For the purpose of this study, such a resolution is not feasible. This research identified the geologic units at a scale of 1:25,000,000 and the types of fossils in geologic units that may be within or adjacent to the study area (see Figures H-12 through H-20). Creating a paleontological overview at the above scale has been a major challenge for paleontology and geology alike. A research platform for creating a nationwide database, PaleoPortal is maintained by the University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP) and is the result of collaboration between UCMP, the Paleontological Society (PS), the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP), and the U.S. Geological Service (USGS). It gives access to dozens of museum-collection databases and records of fossil finds throughout the United States in correlation with geological maps by the USGS. The information presented in this document relies heavily on the peerreviewed texts within the PaleoPortal platform (PaleoPortal, 2010). Within the PSA four major geological groups were identified: sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks, plutonic rocks, and metamorphic rocks. Of these rock groups, only sedimentary rocks have a high or moderate potential for containing paleontological materials. Both plutonic and volcanic rocks rarely contain fossils because igneous environments are not suitable for living things. Metamorphic rocks rarely contain fossils because the conditions of metamorphism tend to alter the texture of the rocks and destroy any fossils contained within. Consequently, only sedimentary units will be considered for the purpose of this study. Metamorphic or igneous rocks are mentioned in the rare cases when they do contain fossils. 4.1 PALEONTOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY Paleontological resources include fossil plants and animals and other evidence of past life such as preserved animal tracks and burrows. The paleontological sensitivity of a geologic unit is determined by its potential to contain paleontological resources (SVP, 1995). The paleontological sensitivity of a geologic unit may be classified according to SVP guidelines (SVP, 2010) as follows: High Potential - Rock units are considered to have a high potential for containing significant, nonrenewable, fossiliferous resources if vertebrate or significant invertebrate fossils or significant suites of plant fossils have been recovered. These units include, but are not limited to, sedimentary and volcanic formations that contain significant nonrenewable paleontological resources and sedimentary rock units temporally or lithologically suitable for the preservation of Northern Border Activities H-149 July 2012
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APPENDIX H HISTORIC, ARCHAEOLOGICAL
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Relatively few early Paleo-Indian s
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to 8,690±50 B.P. and 8,670±60 B.P
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midden at the Knox site. The first
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fauna diminished (as did the specie
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Woodland Period The first use of ce
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In general, early archaeological si
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more during the Archaic period by c
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ever occupied” (Thomas et al., 19
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1.1.3 GREAT LAKES REGION 1.1.3.1 St
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same contexts, such as at the Front
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Ritchie and Funk, 1973:97). Graves
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ectangular-shaped houses (Engelbrec
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Early Archaic preference towards oc
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York just north of the Pennsylvania
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2000:99). Typical ceramic vessels f
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Early Archaic projectile point form
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typically located on high terrain n
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worked projectile points; anvilston
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epresented as the late prehistoric
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encampments occurred in the moraina
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northerly ceramics with ceramics mo
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1999; Fitting, 1974; Franzen, 1987;
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Beginning as early as the tenth cen
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they comprised were copper implemen
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“mobile bands using large territo
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Figure H-2. Prehistoric/Precontact
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Site types range across the full sp
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Figure H-4. Plateau and Northern Ro
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of processed resources such as char
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large part to poor preservation of
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climate, which was at a peak of war
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the early to middle Holocene (ca. 8
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archaeological record of residentia
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In northern Maine, the Madawaska se
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1.2.1.2 State of New Hampshire Con
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Agriculture Mid-nineteenth- to earl
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United States and Europe. Rustic ca
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forts in the Champlain Valley, New
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accommodate plows pulled by oxen, h
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1.2.2 GREAT LAKES REGION 1.2.2.1 St
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Transportation Overland roads were
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several wind-energy projects and wi
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in 1759 (Waddell and Bomberger, 199
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During the Revolutionary War, Major
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the years after the Civil War, grap
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Disagreements over this area erupte
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Figure H-8. Ohio Land Grants and Su
Page 97 and 98: made of frame construction, and lat
Page 99 and 100: transfiguring industry in general w
Page 101 and 102: crossings. The bridge follows a sim
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Page 105 and 106: The first routes through the wilder
Page 107 and 108: Montana is rich in mineral resource
Page 109 and 110: Figure H-9. Early Trails, Trading P
Page 111 and 112: Figure H-10. Railroad System in Ida
Page 113 and 114: Midwestern reserves of white pine b
Page 115 and 116: to wildlife preserves, parks and pr
Page 117 and 118: Social and Cultural Single men pred
Page 119 and 120: the Puget Sound region and a few in
Page 121 and 122: community airfields. By this time,
Page 123 and 124: until the 1960s (Fahey, 1986:175-17
Page 125 and 126: Among the first actions of Washingt
Page 127 and 128: 2 NATIVE AMERICAN SACRED SITES AND
Page 129 and 130: includes the Vermont Historic Prese
Page 131 and 132: 2.1.4 WOR REGION 2.1.4.1 States of
Page 133 and 134: Object. An object is defined as a s
Page 135 and 136: Structures The most imposing histor
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Page 139 and 140: Table H-1. Representative Architect
Page 141 and 142: Allegheny County Owned River Bridge
Page 143 and 144: Architectural Styles/Forms Building
Page 145 and 146: Numerous historic-era lodges, resor
Page 147: oads and rail lines connected the r
Page 151 and 152: to the geological study-area maps a
Page 153 and 154: 4.2.1.2 New Hampshire Summary Paleo
Page 155 and 156: achiopods, nautiloids, and even rar
Page 157 and 158: 4.2.2.4 Michigan Summary Paleontolo
Page 159 and 160: Cretaceous - A northeastern extensi
Page 161 and 162: warm, with wetter conditions near t
Page 163 and 164: 4.2.4.2 Washington Summary Paleonto
Page 165 and 166: Northern Border Activities H-165 Ju
Page 167 and 168: Figure H-16. Geologically Relevant
Page 173 and 174: The nature of consultation in Secti
Page 175 and 176: NHPA and 36 CFR 800, it established
Page 177 and 178: invertebrate and plant paleontologi
Page 179 and 180: For above-ground culture resources
Page 181 and 182: Cultural resource laws for New Hamp
Page 183 and 184: It does not appear that a permit is
Page 185 and 186: farming or forestry). Some other si
Page 187 and 188: Maintains the New York State Regist
Page 189 and 190: Historic resources are addressed in
Page 191 and 192: Permit or other requirements for ar
Page 193 and 194: State preservation plan: The OHPO S
Page 195 and 196: State preservation plan Michigan’
Page 197 and 198: Provides technical assistance to lo
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Indians, and the Stockbridge-Munsee
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5. To expand and enhance efforts to
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The Archaeology and Historic Preser
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Administering Federal tax incentive
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State Historic Preservation Office
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Oversees the identification and eva
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REFERENCES (Aaberg, et al., 2003).
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(Blaisdell, 1982). Blaisdell, Katha
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(Bunker, 1994). Bunker, V. 1994. Ne
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(Churchill, 1967). Churchill, M. G.
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(DeMallie, 2001a). DeMallie, R. J.
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(Fahey, 1965). Fahey, John. 1965. I
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(Funk and Hoagland, 1972). Funk, R.
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(Hackbarth, 2003). Hackbarth, Linda
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(Hickcox, 1983). Hickcox, David H.
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(Johnson, 1988). Johnson, Curtis B.
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(Langhorne, 1976). Langhorne, Willi
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(Maymon and Bolian, 1992). Maymon,
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(MN SHPO, 2006). Minnesota State Hi
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(Ozker, 1982). Ozker, D. B. 1982. A
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(Randall and Ryan, 1912). Randall,
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(Sanford, 1894). Sanford, L. G. 189
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(Stamps and Zurel, 1980). Stamps, R
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(Stothers, et al., 2001). Stothers,
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(USDA, 2007). U.S. Department of Ag
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(Wright, 1972). Wright, J. V. 1972.
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