Appendix H - Historical Archaeological and ... - CBP.gov

of which are large examples of the Snyders type manufactured from high-quality stone from
Ohio) (Coe at al., 1986:50-55; Funk, 1983:340; Justice, 1995:201-204; Ritchie, 1938; 1980:227).
Examples of Middle Woodland burial mounds in New York include Squawkie Hill, Geneseo,
Cain, Bluff Point, and Wheatland (Carpenter, 1950; Ritchie, 1938; 1980:217-228). Mounds tend
to be near major rivers or large bodies of water, such as the Genesee, Finger Lakes, and Lake
Ontario. They also are frequently not near habitation sites (Kostiw, 1995:41).
Relative to burial practices, little is known about Middle Woodland subsistence, settlement, and
other aspects of culture throughout the Northeast (Bowen, 1992:63; Funk, 1983:339; 1993:200;
Ritchie, 1980:226). However, the period is known to have witnessed numerous cultural
innovations, including the adoption of the bow-and-arrow (Kostiw, 1995:38) and maize
agriculture (Hart and Brumbach, 2003; Hart et al., 2007). New York habitation sites are
typically grouped into the Point Peninsula Tradition (Brose, 2000:99; Funk, 1983:338; Ritchie
and Funk, 1973:118-119; Stothers and Abel, 1993:31; 2008:96). Typical ceramic vessels from
the early parts of the Middle Woodland were small (one to four quart capacities) and conoidalbased,
while later pottery was larger and had increasingly globular bodies (Hart and Brumbach,
2009; Ritchie and Funk, 1973:117; Ritchie and MacNeish, 1949). Other artifacts include small
projectile points (such as the Levanna, Jack’s Reef and Raccoon Notched types), larger points
(such as the Fox Creek type, which is limited to eastern New York), bone awls and barbed
points, bifacial knives, scrapers, drills, netsinkers, celts, adzes, copper fishhooks and gorges,
antler points, bone daggers, and compound bone fishhooks (Funk, 1983:337-343; Justice,
1995:215-220, 228).
Later Middle Woodland sites in New York have post mold patterns suggesting round houses
(Funk 1983:340). Several types of sites are known, including large semi-permanent recurrentlyoccupied
camps, small seasonal recurrently occupied camps, workshops, and small temporary
camps (Brose, 2000:99; Ritchie and Funk, 1973:349-354). Sites typically occur on rivers, lakes,
and in areas near marshes, bogs, and springs (Ritchie and Funk, 1973:349-354). Examples
include: Felix, Kipp Island, Canoe Point, and Davenport Creamery (Funk and Hoagland, 1972;
Ritchie and Funk, 1973).
Late Woodland
In New York, the Late Woodland spans the years between 1,000 B.P. and the Protohistoric
period – the time when European goods were reaching Native American groups, but before the
point when there was direct contact between Indians and Europeans (generally around 1525-
1550 A.D./425 B.P.-400 B.P. in New York (Bradley, 2005; Engelbrecht, 2003:133-137; Snow,
2000:77-78; Stothers, 2000:52-53). Developments during the Late Woodland include the
adoption of horticulture based on maize, squash, and beans, increasingly sedentary settlement
patterns, the nucleation of groups into historically-known population centers, and the appearance
of pallisaded villages with longhouses. In the New York part of the study area, the Late
Woodland is largely synonymous with the Iroquoian tradition. People throughout the Northeast
were manufacturing diagnostic small triangular (Madison-type) projectile points (Justice,
1995:224-227). Late Woodland inhabitants of New York State were probably mostly speakers
of Iroquoian languages.
For the first half of the Late Woodland (ca. 1,000 B.P. to 700 B.P.), settlements/occupation sites
in New York remained relatively small and some, such as the Bates site, had low numbers of
Northern Border Activities H-24 July 2012