Appendix H - Historical Archaeological and ... - CBP.gov

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Paleo-Indian quarries/workshops predictably occur near sources of lithic material with qualities favorable for knapping. By definition rockshelter sites are limited to their geographic settings. Camps were typically on “high, well-drained ground… on such topographic features as hills, drumlins, knolls, or terraces” and probably near animal migration routes (Ritchie and Funk, 1973:334-335; also see Lepper and Funk, 2006:189). Proximity to water was an additional – and perhaps primary – determinative factor in site location (Holliday and Mandel, 2006:35-36). Many sites, such as Arc and Hiscock in New York, Paleo Crossing in Ohio, and several Saginaw River valley sites in Michigan are located along the peripheries of paleolakes, ponds and wetlands (Cleland et al., 1998; Holliday and Mandel, 2006:36; Laub et al., 1996:1; Lepper and Funk, 2006:190; Loring, 1980). Conversely, few Paleo-Indian sites have been found along younger drainages along the Great Lakes - features that developed after the immediate postglacial period (Holliday and Mandel, 2006:36; Lantz, 1984:219). Paleo-Indians in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Washington also appear to have been exploiting upland environments not necessarily in proximity to water (Lacy, 1994; 1999; Loring, 1980). In general, fewer Paleo- Indian sites are known for the parts of the study area in Washington, Idaho, Montana, and North Dakota than for states further to the east. 1.1.2 NEW ENGLAND REGION 1.1.2.1 State of Maine Early and Middle Archaic Periods Once thought to be rare in Maine, sites of the Early Archaic and Middle Archaic periods (ca. 10,000 B.P.-8,000 B.P. and 8,000 B.P.-6,000 B.P., respectively) have become much more understood in the last 25 years. Early and Middle Archaic period components have been identified at multi-component stratified sites along the Penobscot, Piscataquis, Kennebec, and Androscoggin rivers and are known from private collections from many Maine lake inlet and outlet sites, including some along the Saint Croix and Saint John Rivers. These sites exhibit tool assemblages typical of the Gulf of Maine Archaic tradition and include quartz core and flake tools such as thick core/uniface scrapers, fully channeled gouges, celts and stone rods of several forms with few, if any, flaked stone projectile points, although biface manufacture is evident among debitage assemblages. Early Archaic period bifurcate-based points and Middle Archaic period Neville and Stark stemmed points are rarely recovered but are more common in southwestern Maine private collections. Their apparent rarity contributed to early assessments of regional low populations during these periods. Broadly flaring, flatbottomed, fully channeled gouges are likely earlier than narrower or parallel-sided forms and the later two forms persist well into (or through) the Middle Archaic period. Various forms of slate projectile points and the semi-lunar knife or “ulu” may have appeared by the end of the Early Archaic period and certainly are present in some Middle Archaic period site assemblages. Subsistence and seasonality evidence from Native American sites in Maine begins to accrue in the Early Archaic period. Early and Middle Archaic period components at sites such as the stratified sites on the Piscataquis River in Milo and N’tolonapemk at the outlet of Meddybemps Lake, among others, contain calcined bones of anadromous fish such as alewife and shad and catadromous eels among other fish, as well as turtle, beaver, muskrat, woodchuck, otter and fox. N’tolonapemk also contained the remains of two semi-subterranean house pits radiocarbon dated Northern Border Activities H-4 July 2012
to 8,690±50 B.P. and 8,670±60 B.P. No definitive evidence of Early or Middle Archaic period mortuary sites has been identified within the overall study area but it is expected that people practiced the mortuary ceremonialism identified at other Gulf of Maine Archaic period mortuary sites in the broad region. Late (and Transitional) Archaic Periods Sites of the Late Archaic period (ca. 6,000 B.P.-3,900 B.P.) are numerous in Maine and are associated with the Moorehead Burial tradition, apparent elaborations of the Gulf of Maine mortuary ceremonialism that include cemeteries with pit features containing abundant red ocher, suites of typical lithic artifacts that were consistently associated with certain portions of the Late Archaic period, and occasional evidence of cremations. These cemeteries are generally located on elevated well-drained landforms overlooking suitable places to harvest anadromous fish and support band-sized gatherings, and may have served as territorial boundary indicators. The earliest Late Archaic period occupations have been found in Maine’s interior and appear related to the Laurentian tradition Vergennes phase as defined in New York. Artifact assemblages from these sites vary little from earlier Middle Archaic period assemblages apart from the inclusion of broadly side-notched “Otter Creek” projectile points. Also included are ulus, short channeled gouges, celts, slate points, and stone rods. Pecked stone plummets are fairly common at this time but may have initially appeared at the end of the Middle Archaic period. A feature at the Sharrow site in Milo (F.17), with two radiocarbon dates of 5,900 B.P. and 6,000 B.P., contained a plummet and conjoining fragments of a bone or antler point with multiple barbs. A similar barbed point of swordfish rostrum was recovered from a feature associated with the Vergennes phase at Site 96.02 at the outlet of Lewey Lake in Princeton. Interior sites of the Late Archaic period continue to be located along rivers at good fishing spots and at lake inlets and outlets and also include turtle, beaver, and occasional bird and large mammal subsistence remains. The Sebasticook Fish Weir in Newport was initially constructed at this time. It is also during the Late Archaic period that sites of the small stemmed point tradition (ca. 5,000 B.P.-4,500 B.P.) appear along the coast of Maine. Earlier Archaic occupations undoubtedly occurred on the coast, but were later submerged by rising sea levels due to coastal subsidence. The small stemmed point tradition may have arrived in Maine somewhat later than the Vergennes phase, but is at least partly contemporary with the Vergennes phase and may have persisted longer. Artifact assemblages of the small stemmed point tradition are similar to contemporary assemblages in the interior with the exception of the diagnostic projectile point styles and the apparent absence of ulus in small stemmed point tradition assemblages. As already mentioned, sites of the small stemmed point tradition occur along the coast but also occur on some major islands and to the head of tide on major river estuaries. Subsistence evidence is more common in small stemmed point tradition faunal assemblages as the presence clam shells neutralizes soil acidity. The small stemmed point component (Occupation 1) at the Turner Farm site demonstrates a clear focus on procuring fish (including swordfish) from the ocean, with a secondary reliance on deer, with clam as a supplementary resource. Northern Border Activities H-5 July 2012
Page 1 and 2: APPENDIX H HISTORIC, ARCHAEOLOGICAL
Page 3: Relatively few early Paleo-Indian s
Page 7 and 8: midden at the Knox site. The first
Page 9 and 10: fauna diminished (as did the specie
Page 11 and 12: Woodland Period The first use of ce
Page 13 and 14: In general, early archaeological si
Page 15 and 16: more during the Archaic period by c
Page 17 and 18: ever occupied” (Thomas et al., 19
Page 19 and 20: 1.1.3 GREAT LAKES REGION 1.1.3.1 St
Page 21 and 22: same contexts, such as at the Front
Page 23 and 24: Ritchie and Funk, 1973:97). Graves
Page 25 and 26: ectangular-shaped houses (Engelbrec
Page 27 and 28: Early Archaic preference towards oc
Page 29 and 30: York just north of the Pennsylvania
Page 31 and 32: 2000:99). Typical ceramic vessels f
Page 33 and 34: Early Archaic projectile point form
Page 35 and 36: typically located on high terrain n
Page 37 and 38: worked projectile points; anvilston
Page 39 and 40: epresented as the late prehistoric
Page 41 and 42: encampments occurred in the moraina
Page 43 and 44: northerly ceramics with ceramics mo
Page 45 and 46: 1999; Fitting, 1974; Franzen, 1987;
Page 47 and 48: Beginning as early as the tenth cen
Page 49 and 50: they comprised were copper implemen
Page 51 and 52: “mobile bands using large territo
Page 53 and 54: Figure H-2. Prehistoric/Precontact
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Site types range across the full sp
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Figure H-4. Plateau and Northern Ro
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of processed resources such as char
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large part to poor preservation of
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climate, which was at a peak of war
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the early to middle Holocene (ca. 8
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archaeological record of residentia
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In northern Maine, the Madawaska se
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1.2.1.2 State of New Hampshire Con
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Agriculture Mid-nineteenth- to earl
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United States and Europe. Rustic ca
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forts in the Champlain Valley, New
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accommodate plows pulled by oxen, h
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1.2.2 GREAT LAKES REGION 1.2.2.1 St
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Transportation Overland roads were
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several wind-energy projects and wi
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in 1759 (Waddell and Bomberger, 199
Page 89 and 90:
During the Revolutionary War, Major
Page 91 and 92:
the years after the Civil War, grap
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Disagreements over this area erupte
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Figure H-8. Ohio Land Grants and Su
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made of frame construction, and lat
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transfiguring industry in general w
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crossings. The bridge follows a sim
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influx of German and Scandinavian i
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The first routes through the wilder
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Montana is rich in mineral resource
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Figure H-9. Early Trails, Trading P
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Figure H-10. Railroad System in Ida
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Midwestern reserves of white pine b
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to wildlife preserves, parks and pr
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Social and Cultural Single men pred
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the Puget Sound region and a few in
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community airfields. By this time,
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until the 1960s (Fahey, 1986:175-17
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Among the first actions of Washingt
Page 127 and 128:
2 NATIVE AMERICAN SACRED SITES AND
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includes the Vermont Historic Prese
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2.1.4 WOR REGION 2.1.4.1 States of
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Object. An object is defined as a s
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Structures The most imposing histor
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figures, and the women’s rights m
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Table H-1. Representative Architect
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Allegheny County Owned River Bridge
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Architectural Styles/Forms Building
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Numerous historic-era lodges, resor
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oads and rail lines connected the r
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4 PALEONTOLOGIC RESOURCES This Pale
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to the geological study-area maps a
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4.2.1.2 New Hampshire Summary Paleo
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achiopods, nautiloids, and even rar
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4.2.2.4 Michigan Summary Paleontolo
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Cretaceous - A northeastern extensi
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warm, with wetter conditions near t
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4.2.4.2 Washington Summary Paleonto
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Northern Border Activities H-165 Ju
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Figure H-16. Geologically Relevant
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Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
The nature of consultation in Secti
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NHPA and 36 CFR 800, it established
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invertebrate and plant paleontologi
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For above-ground culture resources
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Cultural resource laws for New Hamp
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It does not appear that a permit is
Page 185 and 186:
farming or forestry). Some other si
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Maintains the New York State Regist
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Historic resources are addressed in
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Permit or other requirements for ar
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State preservation plan: The OHPO S
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State preservation plan Michigan’
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Provides technical assistance to lo
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Indians, and the Stockbridge-Munsee
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5. To expand and enhance efforts to
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The Archaeology and Historic Preser
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Administering Federal tax incentive
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State Historic Preservation Office
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Oversees the identification and eva
Page 211 and 212:
REFERENCES (Aaberg, et al., 2003).
Page 213 and 214:
(Blaisdell, 1982). Blaisdell, Katha
Page 215 and 216:
(Bunker, 1994). Bunker, V. 1994. Ne
Page 217 and 218:
(Churchill, 1967). Churchill, M. G.
Page 219 and 220:
(DeMallie, 2001a). DeMallie, R. J.
Page 221 and 222:
(Fahey, 1965). Fahey, John. 1965. I
Page 223 and 224:
(Funk and Hoagland, 1972). Funk, R.
Page 225 and 226:
(Hackbarth, 2003). Hackbarth, Linda
Page 227 and 228:
(Hickcox, 1983). Hickcox, David H.
Page 229 and 230:
(Johnson, 1988). Johnson, Curtis B.
Page 231 and 232:
(Langhorne, 1976). Langhorne, Willi
Page 233 and 234:
(Maymon and Bolian, 1992). Maymon,
Page 235 and 236:
(MN SHPO, 2006). Minnesota State Hi
Page 237 and 238:
(Ozker, 1982). Ozker, D. B. 1982. A
Page 239 and 240:
(Randall and Ryan, 1912). Randall,
Page 241 and 242:
(Sanford, 1894). Sanford, L. G. 189
Page 243 and 244:
(Stamps and Zurel, 1980). Stamps, R
Page 245 and 246:
(Stothers, et al., 2001). Stothers,
Page 247 and 248:
(USDA, 2007). U.S. Department of Ag
Page 249 and 250:
(Wright, 1972). Wright, J. V. 1972.
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Appendix H - Historical Archaeological and ... - CBP.gov

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