Appendix H - Historical Archaeological and ... - CBP.gov

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The Late Woodland is characterized by a pattern of population growth and territorial expansion across the Northeast (Calloway, 1990). Thomas (1994:83) also notes that “sites dating to the Late Woodland Period occur throughout Vermont, but the actual time of their occupation has been very difficult to determine” as radiocarbon dates only exist for six Late Woodland sites. Half of these, Sumner’s Falls (800 ±80 B.P.), Skitchewaug (850 ±50 to 580 ±60 B.P.), and Dewey’s Mills (490 ±120 B.P.) lie in the Connecticut River valley or along one of its major tributaries (Thomas, 1994). Haviland and Power (1994) note that house features have been identified at a site in Fairlee, Vermont. Further toward southern Vermont in the Connecticut River Valley are VT-WD-14 on Dummerston Island, a single sherd recovered from Fort Dummer in Brattleboro, Vermont, and a number of sites in the Great Bend area at Vernon, Vermont. The Late Woodland is marked by the confirmed cultivation of non-indigenous plants. For example, carbonized corn, beans, and squash were recovered from storage pit and associated shallow pit house features at Skitchewaug (Heckenberger and Petersen, 1988; Thomas, 1994). Recently, Chilton (2006, 2008) reassessed the introduction of corn in New England. Heckenberger and Petersen (1988; Heckenberger et al., 1992) hypothesize that cultigens quickly became an important dietary focus soon after their adoption and local populations became increasingly tethered to floodplain sites, minimally from April through September (Haviland and Power, 1994). Archaeological investigations at Shelburne Pond suggest aboriginal utilization of the rich wetland and marsh environments increased as waters became more eutrophic. Similarly, hydrological changes affecting Lake Champlain and associated riverine water levels may have influenced the size and location of marshlands where Native Americans sought resources during the Late Woodland period. After 500 B.P there appears to be a decline in evidence of Native American occupation. Abenaki oral traditions and ceramic vessels in older artifact traditions indicate local continuity of occupation in northwestern Vermont between 500 B.P. and 350 B.P. Data from Late Woodland sites located on the Missisquoi River suggests a heavy reliance on hunting and horticulture and that the Woodland Period Abenaki probably didn’t grow corn along the Missisquoi until after 1100 A.D. Perhaps the most important Late Woodland archaeological discovery occurred just a few years ago when the Vermont Agency of Transportation was preparing to reconstruct the Missisquoi Bridge at the north end of Lake Champlain. Initial sampling and subsequent evaluation discovered a late pre Contact or early Contact period village site with impressive features, faunal and flora remains, and ceramics. The Bohannon site (VT-GI-26/32) was occupied sometime between 1400 A.D. and 1600 A.D. (Crock and Mandel, 2001). Thomas (1994:86) suggests that further study is “clearly needed to determine whether the poor visibility [of these Late Woodland Period sites] today resulted from a substantial shift in settlement focus to areas which are not commonly surveyed, from major demographic changes [perhaps resulting from Iroquoian movement into the St. Lawrence Valley], from site loss due to historic plowing and pilfering, or from other causes.” Although few Late Woodland period archaeological sites are known within the northern border project area of Vermont, their presence and recent discoveries suggest that the possibility for encountering additional sites of this age is high. Northern Border Activities H-18 July 2012
1.1.3 GREAT LAKES REGION 1.1.3.1 State of New York Early and Middle Archaic In the Northeast, the Early and Middle Archaic (ca. 10,000 B.P. to 8,000 B.P. and ca. 8,000 B.P. to 6,000 B.P., respectively) have come to be primarily defined in terms of climatic/environmental transition. During these times, the ecological setting transformed from immediate post-glacial tundra and spruce-park forests through denser spruce-fir, pine-oak, and deciduous oak-hemlock forests to an essentially modern oak-hickory forest system (Funk, 1983:304-305; Lepper and Funk, 2006:171-172). As is the case for the Paleo-Indian period, archaeological sites from the Early and Middle Archaic have mostly been identified by the presence of diagnostic projectile points, including Hi-Lo, Kanawha Stemmed, Kirk, LeCroy Bifurcated Stem, MacCorkle, Palmer, Raddatz Side-Notched, and St. Albans Side-Notched points (Abel and Fuerst 1999:12-13; Calkin and Miller 1977:309; Justice 1995:44-46, 54-58, 67- 69, 71-79, 81-85, 86-96). Many of these point types have characteristic bifurcated bases. Relatively few Early and Middle Archaic sites have been found in New York (Funk, 1978:20). The low frequency of sites probably correlates with small populations, even relative to earlier Paleo-Indian levels (Fitting, 1978a:14; Funk, 1983:316-319; Griffin, 1983:248; Lepper and Funk 2006:193). These low population levels may be related to a minimally-productive environment; for example “coniferous forests with their low carrying capacity for deer and other game constituted an unfavorable environment for hunters and gatherers” (Funk, 1978:23; Calkin and Miller, 1977:309; cf. Nicholas, 1987:100-105). However, many sites probably remain to be found in less-studied areas, since the post-glacial environment in the Northeast was not uniformly desolate and included highly productive diverse environments like “lakes, ponds, extensive wetlands, and emergent riverine systems” that formed in the basins of former glacial lakes (Lepper and Funk, 2006:193; Nicholas, 1987:105-106). Many Early and Middle Archaic sites in the Northeast cluster on former glacial lakes (Nicholas, 1987:106). In the Susquehanna Valley in New York (just outside the study area), Early Archaic projectile point forms have been found in both uplands and valley floors (Funk, 1993:317). The Zawatski Site, an Early Archaic site in western New York, was situated on the floodplain of the Allegheny River in Cattaraugus County (Calkin and Miller, 1977:310-312), suggesting that an Early Archaic preference towards occupation on valley floors was not confined to the Susquehanna (cf. Lepper and Funk, 2006:193). In general, there is meager direct evidence concerning Early and Middle Archaic subsistence, site types, and tool assemblages (with the exception of projectile points) in New York (Abel and Fuerst, 1999:13; Funk, 1993:258-265). The Haviland site, located in a relic meander of Cobleskill Creek in Schoharie County, New York is a rare example of an excavated Early Archaic lithic workshop (Ferguson, 1995). Artifacts from the site include Kanawha bifurcatebase projectile points, thin bifacial ovate knives, thin unifacial tools, cores, hammerstones, debitage, abraders, anvils, choppers, and pitted stones. Middle Archaic tool kits are more extensive than those from the Early Archaic and include pecked and ground stone items (axes, adzes, gouges, celts, mortars, pestles, plummets, and netsinkers), polished tools such as Northern Border Activities H-19 July 2012
Page 1 and 2: APPENDIX H HISTORIC, ARCHAEOLOGICAL
Page 3 and 4: Relatively few early Paleo-Indian s
Page 5 and 6: to 8,690±50 B.P. and 8,670±60 B.P
Page 7 and 8: midden at the Knox site. The first
Page 9 and 10: fauna diminished (as did the specie
Page 11 and 12: Woodland Period The first use of ce
Page 13 and 14: In general, early archaeological si
Page 15 and 16: more during the Archaic period by c
Page 17: ever occupied” (Thomas et al., 19
Page 21 and 22: same contexts, such as at the Front
Page 23 and 24: Ritchie and Funk, 1973:97). Graves
Page 25 and 26: ectangular-shaped houses (Engelbrec
Page 27 and 28: Early Archaic preference towards oc
Page 29 and 30: York just north of the Pennsylvania
Page 31 and 32: 2000:99). Typical ceramic vessels f
Page 33 and 34: Early Archaic projectile point form
Page 35 and 36: typically located on high terrain n
Page 37 and 38: worked projectile points; anvilston
Page 39 and 40: epresented as the late prehistoric
Page 41 and 42: encampments occurred in the moraina
Page 43 and 44: northerly ceramics with ceramics mo
Page 45 and 46: 1999; Fitting, 1974; Franzen, 1987;
Page 47 and 48: Beginning as early as the tenth cen
Page 49 and 50: they comprised were copper implemen
Page 51 and 52: “mobile bands using large territo
Page 53 and 54: Figure H-2. Prehistoric/Precontact
Page 55 and 56: Site types range across the full sp
Page 57 and 58: Figure H-4. Plateau and Northern Ro
Page 59 and 60: of processed resources such as char
Page 61 and 62: large part to poor preservation of
Page 63 and 64: climate, which was at a peak of war
Page 65 and 66: the early to middle Holocene (ca. 8
Page 67 and 68: archaeological record of residentia
Page 69 and 70:
In northern Maine, the Madawaska se
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1.2.1.2 State of New Hampshire Con
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Agriculture Mid-nineteenth- to earl
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United States and Europe. Rustic ca
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forts in the Champlain Valley, New
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accommodate plows pulled by oxen, h
Page 81 and 82:
1.2.2 GREAT LAKES REGION 1.2.2.1 St
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Transportation Overland roads were
Page 85 and 86:
several wind-energy projects and wi
Page 87 and 88:
in 1759 (Waddell and Bomberger, 199
Page 89 and 90:
During the Revolutionary War, Major
Page 91 and 92:
the years after the Civil War, grap
Page 93 and 94:
Disagreements over this area erupte
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Figure H-8. Ohio Land Grants and Su
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made of frame construction, and lat
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transfiguring industry in general w
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crossings. The bridge follows a sim
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influx of German and Scandinavian i
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The first routes through the wilder
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Montana is rich in mineral resource
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Figure H-9. Early Trails, Trading P
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Figure H-10. Railroad System in Ida
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Midwestern reserves of white pine b
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to wildlife preserves, parks and pr
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Social and Cultural Single men pred
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the Puget Sound region and a few in
Page 121 and 122:
community airfields. By this time,
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until the 1960s (Fahey, 1986:175-17
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Among the first actions of Washingt
Page 127 and 128:
2 NATIVE AMERICAN SACRED SITES AND
Page 129 and 130:
includes the Vermont Historic Prese
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2.1.4 WOR REGION 2.1.4.1 States of
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Object. An object is defined as a s
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Structures The most imposing histor
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figures, and the women’s rights m
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Table H-1. Representative Architect
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Allegheny County Owned River Bridge
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Architectural Styles/Forms Building
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Numerous historic-era lodges, resor
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oads and rail lines connected the r
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4 PALEONTOLOGIC RESOURCES This Pale
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to the geological study-area maps a
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4.2.1.2 New Hampshire Summary Paleo
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achiopods, nautiloids, and even rar
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4.2.2.4 Michigan Summary Paleontolo
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Cretaceous - A northeastern extensi
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warm, with wetter conditions near t
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4.2.4.2 Washington Summary Paleonto
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Northern Border Activities H-165 Ju
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Figure H-16. Geologically Relevant
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
The nature of consultation in Secti
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NHPA and 36 CFR 800, it established
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invertebrate and plant paleontologi
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For above-ground culture resources
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Cultural resource laws for New Hamp
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It does not appear that a permit is
Page 185 and 186:
farming or forestry). Some other si
Page 187 and 188:
Maintains the New York State Regist
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Historic resources are addressed in
Page 191 and 192:
Permit or other requirements for ar
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State preservation plan: The OHPO S
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State preservation plan Michigan’
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Provides technical assistance to lo
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Indians, and the Stockbridge-Munsee
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5. To expand and enhance efforts to
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The Archaeology and Historic Preser
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Administering Federal tax incentive
Page 207 and 208:
State Historic Preservation Office
Page 209 and 210:
Oversees the identification and eva
Page 211 and 212:
REFERENCES (Aaberg, et al., 2003).
Page 213 and 214:
(Blaisdell, 1982). Blaisdell, Katha
Page 215 and 216:
(Bunker, 1994). Bunker, V. 1994. Ne
Page 217 and 218:
(Churchill, 1967). Churchill, M. G.
Page 219 and 220:
(DeMallie, 2001a). DeMallie, R. J.
Page 221 and 222:
(Fahey, 1965). Fahey, John. 1965. I
Page 223 and 224:
(Funk and Hoagland, 1972). Funk, R.
Page 225 and 226:
(Hackbarth, 2003). Hackbarth, Linda
Page 227 and 228:
(Hickcox, 1983). Hickcox, David H.
Page 229 and 230:
(Johnson, 1988). Johnson, Curtis B.
Page 231 and 232:
(Langhorne, 1976). Langhorne, Willi
Page 233 and 234:
(Maymon and Bolian, 1992). Maymon,
Page 235 and 236:
(MN SHPO, 2006). Minnesota State Hi
Page 237 and 238:
(Ozker, 1982). Ozker, D. B. 1982. A
Page 239 and 240:
(Randall and Ryan, 1912). Randall,
Page 241 and 242:
(Sanford, 1894). Sanford, L. G. 189
Page 243 and 244:
(Stamps and Zurel, 1980). Stamps, R
Page 245 and 246:
(Stothers, et al., 2001). Stothers,
Page 247 and 248:
(USDA, 2007). U.S. Department of Ag
Page 249 and 250:
(Wright, 1972). Wright, J. V. 1972.
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Appendix H - Historical Archaeological and ... - CBP.gov

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