Appendix H - Historical Archaeological and ... - CBP.gov

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4.2.1 NEW ENGLAND REGION 4.2.1.1 Maine Summary Paleontologically sensitive geological units in Maine’s PSA include Paleozoic and Cenozoic deposits. Fossiliferous Paleozoic deposits have been destroyed by metamorphism associated with orogenies, or mountain-building events, within the southern portion of the PSA only. In all other areas, the Paleozoic deposits are intact. Paleozoic deposits represent sea-level fluctuations and include habitats ranging from nearshore to deepwater. Fossils from these geological units include numerous invertebrates. Cenozoic deposits consist of retreating glacial deposits containing many different plant and large-vertebrate fossils. Quaternary - Quaternary glaciation peaked in Maine nearly 20,000 years ago, leaving the state covered with a thick layer of ice. The weight of the overriding glaciers had temporarily depressed the crust, allowing the sea to flood areas far inland, and glacial clay was deposited on the seafloor. Common fossils include clams, snails, and barnacles, although mammoth, walrus, and seal remains have also been found (Churchill-Dickson, 2010). Devonian - The fossiliferous deposits in Maine from this time represent a variety of habitats. Nearshore marine settings were dominated by brachiopods, although bivalves, corals, crinoids, conodonts, gastropods, ostracods, and trilobites have also been found. Fully terrestrial habitats existed as well, and fragmented plant fossils have been preserved in a few rock units (Churchill- Dickson, 2010). Silurian - Common nearshore fauna of this time period included brachiopods, corals, bivalves, conodonts, gastropods, ostracods, trilobites, and stromatoporoids. Graptolites, trace fossils, and some brachiopods dominate the deepwater deposits (Churchill-Dickson, 2010). Ordovician - All fossil-bearing deposits in Maine were formed in the marine realm and represent habitats ranging from nearshore to deepwater basins. The nearshore fauna are dominated by brachiopods but also contain snails, trilobites, corals, and clams. Graptolites and rare occurrences of brachiopods, trilobites, and conodonts are found in the deeper-water deposits (Churchill-Dickson, 2010). Cambrian - Maine has a few deepwater fossils from this time (Churchill-Dickson, 2010). Precambrian - During the Precambrian, Maine did not yet exist. The first parts of Maine were not assembled until the Ordovician, when ancient landmasses were accreted to North America during a mountain-building event. Preserved in a few places are Late Precambrian sediments that were likely deposited in deep water and that contain a few trace fossils (Churchill-Dickson, 2010). Northern Border Activities H-152 July 2012
4.2.1.2 New Hampshire Summary Paleontologically sensitive geological units in New Hampshire’s PSA include only a very small area in the north of the state. These paleontologically sensitive units are only of Cenozoic age because metamorphism associated with the orogenies destroyed or altered any sediments formed during Paleozoic times. Cenozoic deposits consist of retreating glacial deposits containing many different plant and large-vertebrate fossils. Quaternary - During much of the Quaternary, thick sheets of ice covered New Hampshire, and after the glaciers melted, the present sea level was reached approximately 3,000 to 5,000 years ago. The fossil evidence of plants and pollen from Pleistocene sediments in New Hampshire indicate that species of herbs and sedges, spruce, balsam poplar, willow, and dwarf birch trees grew in the area when the ice sheets periodically retreated (Springer, 2008a). Devonian - During an episode of mountain building, igneous rocks were formed and older rocks were metamorphosed. These igneous and metamorphic rocks contain no fossils (Springer, 2008a). Silurian - Rocks of this time interval are metamorphic and igneous and do not contain fossils (Springer, 2008a). Ordovician - Rocks of this time interval are entirely metamorphic and igneous and do not contain fossils (Springer, 2008a). Cambrian - There are no fossils in the few rocks in New Hampshire that may be of Cambrian age (Springer, 2008a). Precambrian - Precambrian rocks in New Hampshire are predominantly metamorphic; no fossils are found in them (Springer, 2008a). 4.2.1.3 Vermont Summary Paleontologically sensitive geological units in Vermont’s PSA include Paleozoic and Cenozoic deposits. Paleozoic deposits containing fossils are sparse in Vermont, and metamorphism associated with the orogenies destroyed or altered any sediments formed at this time. Paleozoic sediments include sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone and contain bryozoans, brachiopods, cephalopods, gastropods, sponges, and trilobites. Cenozoic deposits consist of Pleistocene glacial deposits containing large-vertebrate fossils. Quaternary - During much of the Quaternary, a thick sheet of ice covered Vermont. The weight of the ice depressed the surface of the land, allowing ocean waters to infiltrate the lakes of this region. In westernmost Vermont, fossils in lake deposits indicate that the salinity fluctuated as lake waters mingled with ocean water entering through the St. Lawrence River to the north. As the glaciers melted, the land was able to rebound in elevation, building a barrier to the ocean so Northern Border Activities H-153 July 2012
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APPENDIX H HISTORIC, ARCHAEOLOGICAL
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Relatively few early Paleo-Indian s
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to 8,690±50 B.P. and 8,670±60 B.P
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midden at the Knox site. The first
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fauna diminished (as did the specie
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Woodland Period The first use of ce
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In general, early archaeological si
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more during the Archaic period by c
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ever occupied” (Thomas et al., 19
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1.1.3 GREAT LAKES REGION 1.1.3.1 St
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same contexts, such as at the Front
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Ritchie and Funk, 1973:97). Graves
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ectangular-shaped houses (Engelbrec
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Early Archaic preference towards oc
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York just north of the Pennsylvania
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2000:99). Typical ceramic vessels f
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Early Archaic projectile point form
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typically located on high terrain n
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worked projectile points; anvilston
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epresented as the late prehistoric
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encampments occurred in the moraina
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northerly ceramics with ceramics mo
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1999; Fitting, 1974; Franzen, 1987;
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Beginning as early as the tenth cen
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they comprised were copper implemen
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“mobile bands using large territo
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Figure H-2. Prehistoric/Precontact
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Site types range across the full sp
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Figure H-4. Plateau and Northern Ro
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of processed resources such as char
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large part to poor preservation of
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climate, which was at a peak of war
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the early to middle Holocene (ca. 8
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archaeological record of residentia
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In northern Maine, the Madawaska se
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1.2.1.2 State of New Hampshire Con
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Agriculture Mid-nineteenth- to earl
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United States and Europe. Rustic ca
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forts in the Champlain Valley, New
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accommodate plows pulled by oxen, h
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1.2.2 GREAT LAKES REGION 1.2.2.1 St
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Transportation Overland roads were
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several wind-energy projects and wi
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in 1759 (Waddell and Bomberger, 199
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During the Revolutionary War, Major
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the years after the Civil War, grap
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Disagreements over this area erupte
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Figure H-8. Ohio Land Grants and Su
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made of frame construction, and lat
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transfiguring industry in general w
Page 101 and 102: crossings. The bridge follows a sim
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Page 105 and 106: The first routes through the wilder
Page 107 and 108: Montana is rich in mineral resource
Page 109 and 110: Figure H-9. Early Trails, Trading P
Page 111 and 112: Figure H-10. Railroad System in Ida
Page 113 and 114: Midwestern reserves of white pine b
Page 115 and 116: to wildlife preserves, parks and pr
Page 117 and 118: Social and Cultural Single men pred
Page 119 and 120: the Puget Sound region and a few in
Page 121 and 122: community airfields. By this time,
Page 123 and 124: until the 1960s (Fahey, 1986:175-17
Page 125 and 126: Among the first actions of Washingt
Page 127 and 128: 2 NATIVE AMERICAN SACRED SITES AND
Page 129 and 130: includes the Vermont Historic Prese
Page 131 and 132: 2.1.4 WOR REGION 2.1.4.1 States of
Page 133 and 134: Object. An object is defined as a s
Page 135 and 136: Structures The most imposing histor
Page 137 and 138: figures, and the women’s rights m
Page 139 and 140: Table H-1. Representative Architect
Page 141 and 142: Allegheny County Owned River Bridge
Page 143 and 144: Architectural Styles/Forms Building
Page 145 and 146: Numerous historic-era lodges, resor
Page 147 and 148: oads and rail lines connected the r
Page 149 and 150: 4 PALEONTOLOGIC RESOURCES This Pale
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Page 155 and 156: achiopods, nautiloids, and even rar
Page 157 and 158: 4.2.2.4 Michigan Summary Paleontolo
Page 159 and 160: Cretaceous - A northeastern extensi
Page 161 and 162: warm, with wetter conditions near t
Page 163 and 164: 4.2.4.2 Washington Summary Paleonto
Page 165 and 166: Northern Border Activities H-165 Ju
Page 167 and 168: Figure H-16. Geologically Relevant
Page 173 and 174: The nature of consultation in Secti
Page 175 and 176: NHPA and 36 CFR 800, it established
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Page 179 and 180: For above-ground culture resources
Page 181 and 182: Cultural resource laws for New Hamp
Page 183 and 184: It does not appear that a permit is
Page 185 and 186: farming or forestry). Some other si
Page 187 and 188: Maintains the New York State Regist
Page 189 and 190: Historic resources are addressed in
Page 191 and 192: Permit or other requirements for ar
Page 193 and 194: State preservation plan: The OHPO S
Page 195 and 196: State preservation plan Michigan’
Page 197 and 198: Provides technical assistance to lo
Page 199 and 200: Indians, and the Stockbridge-Munsee
Page 201 and 202: 5. To expand and enhance efforts to
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The Archaeology and Historic Preser
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Administering Federal tax incentive
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State Historic Preservation Office
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Oversees the identification and eva
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REFERENCES (Aaberg, et al., 2003).
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(Blaisdell, 1982). Blaisdell, Katha
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(Bunker, 1994). Bunker, V. 1994. Ne
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(Churchill, 1967). Churchill, M. G.
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(DeMallie, 2001a). DeMallie, R. J.
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(Fahey, 1965). Fahey, John. 1965. I
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(Funk and Hoagland, 1972). Funk, R.
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(Hackbarth, 2003). Hackbarth, Linda
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(Hickcox, 1983). Hickcox, David H.
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(Johnson, 1988). Johnson, Curtis B.
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(Langhorne, 1976). Langhorne, Willi
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(Maymon and Bolian, 1992). Maymon,
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(MN SHPO, 2006). Minnesota State Hi
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(Ozker, 1982). Ozker, D. B. 1982. A
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(Randall and Ryan, 1912). Randall,
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(Sanford, 1894). Sanford, L. G. 189
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(Stamps and Zurel, 1980). Stamps, R
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(Stothers, et al., 2001). Stothers,
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(USDA, 2007). U.S. Department of Ag
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(Wright, 1972). Wright, J. V. 1972.
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Appendix H - Historical Archaeological and ... - CBP.gov

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