Handover mechanisms in next generation heterogeneous wireless ...

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MULTI-INTERFACE MOBILE MODEL FOR MEDIA INDEPENDENT HANDOVER beacons. Basically, beacon periods of a group of access points are scheduled across channels so that a mobile user can synchronise its scanning with broadcasting of network beacons. SyncScan provides a means of continuously tracking signal strength from nearby APs while carrying on communication with the serving AP. However, both MultiNet and SyncScan need a mobile user’s synchronisation with networks, and modification to network protocol stack at either mobile terminal or access points. 7.2.2 Media Independent Handover IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) standard [118] is a developing effort for enabling handover and interoperability between heterogeneous wireless networks. IEEE 802.21 provides link layer intelligence and other related network information to upper layers to optimise handover between heterogeneous network transmission media [119]. IEEE 802.21 supports cooperative use of mobile terminals and network infrastructure. It is proposed to provide an architecture that enables transparent service continuity when a mobile user switches between heterogeneous network interfaces. Moreover, a set of handover enabling functions within the mobility management protocol stacks of the network elements and the creation therein of a new entity called the MIH function [119]. MIH functional entities can reside at both mobile terminal and network ends, and communicate with each other. The Service Access Points (SAPs) are defined for lower layers and upper layers. Their services are used to facilitate seamless handover between heterogeneous wireless networks. Meanwhile, MIH provides the functionality for the exchange of information between MIH entities. In IEEE 802.21 [118], three types of services are proposed to facilitate information exchange for network discovery and selection in a handover. Media Independent Event Service (MIES) provides events notification in response to changes in state and transmission behaviour of data links. It supports local and remote events if the remote network is of the same media type. Media Independent Command Service (MICS) includes the commands sent from the upper layers to the lower layers as shown in the reference model of Figure 7.1. MICS commands are used to deliver the upper layer decisions to the lower layers, and thus control the behaviour of lower layers. Media Independent Information Service (MIIS) - 138 -
MULTI-INTERFACE MOBILE MODEL FOR MEDIA INDEPENDENT HANDOVER provides a model and corresponding mechanisms in which MIH entities can gather network information to facilitate handover. Local MIH User or Higher Layer Entity User Data Cellular Network Interface L 2 L 1 L 3 MIH _ USER 1 User Data LLC MIH Local Events MAC PHY Station MIH _ USER 2 ... MIH_USER n Event - based Triggers and Commands MIH Commnd, Event & Information Service Local Events 802 Network Interface MAC Sub-layer Management Entity PHY Sub-layer Management Entity MGT Remote Events / Information and Commands - 139 - m e st y S nt e m e g a n a M k o r w et N 802 Access Network MIH LLC MAC PHY MIH Network Cellular l Network Figure 7.1 General Media Independent Handover reference model [119] Under IEEE 802.21, a variety of access technologies such as 802.11, 802.16 and 3GPP can be accommodated on a single mobile terminal. Working with handover decision algorithms for heterogeneous wireless networks, IEEE 802.21 is able to provide flexibility in facilitating information retrieving, network discovering and handover triggering of mobile users. 7.3 A Multi-Interface Mobile Terminal Model In Sec. 7.2.1, two multi-access approaches for accessing heterogeneous wireless networks are described. As discussed, the MISU architecture needs the additional support from upper layers. It causes less service disruption in handover due to being able to enable multiple data streams simultaneously on mobile terminals. In contrast, the MIAU architecture reduces the complexity of upper layers. But, longer handover latency is expected as a result of using multiple network interfaces on a rotate basis. L2 L1 L3
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Handover Mechanisms in Next Generat
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, I woul
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.4.2 Power Save
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LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF FIGURES Fig
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 7.2 A generi
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ABSTRACT New access technologies su
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION New access t
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INTRODUCTION becomes available. Han
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INTRODUCTION The above multipliciti
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INTRODUCTION network trust pattern
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INTRODUCTION 1.3 Related Publicatio
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INTRODUCTION TECHNICAL REPORTS XIII
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HANDOVER MANAGEMENT horizontally. H
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HANDOVER MANAGEMENT The objective o
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HANDOVER MANAGEMENT air interface,
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HANDOVER MANAGEMENT proposed archit
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HANDOVER MANAGEMENT Access point (A
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HANDOVER MANAGEMENT users. Moreover
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HANDOVER MANAGEMENT For IEEE 802.11
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HANDOVER MANAGEMENT The two schemes
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HANDOVER MANAGEMENT When a MH is mo
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3.1 Introduction Chapter 3 HANDOVER
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SECURITY FOR HANDOVER ACROSS HETERO
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DYNAMIC NEIGHBOUR TRUST INFORMATION
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Chapter 5 TRUST ASSISTED HANDOVER A
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TRUST ASSISTED HANDOVER ALGORITHM F
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TRUST ASSISTED HANDOVER ALGORITHM F
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Page 181 and 182: REFERENCES [12] C. Politis, T. Oda,
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