Handover mechanisms in next generation heterogeneous wireless ...

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HANDOVER MANAGEMENT optimised service quality. Handover methodology is comprised of handover strategies and handover algorithms. 2.2 Mobility Engineering For the NG wireless networks, mobility engineering provides basic interworking architecture, on top of which seamless mobility can be enabled. On the mobile terminal level, it involves the consolidation of multiple functions into small, portable devices with integrated cellular and WLAN interfaces [14]. On the network level, it addresses the convergence of current heterogeneous wireless systems through appropriate interworking mechanisms. Generally, mobility engineering covers integration engineering and mobility protocols as shown in Figure 2.2. Due to the heterogeneities of the interconnected wireless systems in their access technologies, protocols, and architectures, mobility engineering has to cope with a series of challenges in [4] in the NG wireless networks. 2.2.1 Integration Architecture Currently, there exist disparate wireless networks such as WLAN for local areas, UMTS for wide areas, and satellite networks for global communications. These networks are designed for specific service needs and vary widely in regard to their air interface technologies, network architectures, protocols and signalling process. The integration of these heterogeneous networks is recognised as an effective solution for service provisioning for the NG mobile users [8]. Consequently, the NG wireless network infrastructure is expected to converge into a heterogeneous, distributed, all-IP network architecture [6, 15, 16]. All-IP based infrastructure should seamlessly integrate the current and emerging wireless architectures such as UMTS, IEEE 802.11 and so forth. A number of wireless systems may employ disparate mechanisms for the same function, e.g. radio access, authentication, and so forth. For example, IEEE 802.11g [2], a WLAN standard operating on the 2.4 GHz unlicensed band, provides theoretical data rate up to 54Mbps. Its security architecture recommends the authentication through IEEE 802.1X framework [17], which employs the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) [18] such as EAP-Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS). While, 3G wireless systems, e.g. UMTS uses Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) for its underlying - 16 -
HANDOVER MANAGEMENT air interface, and builds its Packet-Switched (PS) core reusing General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). The UMTS Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) [19] is conducted in a challenge-response manner. When these different wireless networks with disparate mechanisms are interconnected, specific integration architecture is needed. The integration architecture is introduced to mitigate network heterogeneities arising from interconnection, and provide smooth services for mobile users. The integration of heterogeneous wireless networks for mobility management can be achieved in three types of architectures: tight coupling, loose coupling and peer networks as illustrated in Figure 2.3. In the tight coupling, a WLAN is connected to a UMTS’s core network via the Gn interface. The rationale behind the tightly-coupled approach is to make the WLAN appear to the UMTS core network as another Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) area. Both the signalling and data traffic of the WLAN are routed to the UMTS’s core network. The WLAN may be deployed by the UMTS operator or by an independent operator. The WLAN is assigned a Routing Area Identity (RAI), and shares the same address pool as the UMTS Radio Network Controller (RNC) under the same Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). All these functions can be achieved by a SGSN emulator as demonstrated in Figure 2.3. The SGSN emulator hides the details of the WLAN to the UMTS core, and implements all the protocols required for interworking. Therefore, the user’s mobility across the WLAN-UMTS boundary is treated as an inter-SGSN update procedure by the UMTS’s mobility management. Within the WLAN, the mobility on the same Extended Service Set (ESS) follows the WLAN’s mobility management procedure. But, an intra-SGSN routing area update is employed for the mobility across ESSs. Reference [4] describes an interworking architecture that enables the integration of WLAN with 3G Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) in a tightly coupled manner. In the tight coupling architecture, user data traffic is routed to a Packet Data Gateway (PDG), which locates at a mobile user’s home PLMN. The mobile user requests access to a coupled WLAN to its 3G authentication server. The 3G Partnership Project (3GPP) specifies a reference model for the WLAN-3GPP interworking in its specification TS 23.234 [7]. Its specified reference model allows 3GPP PS services to be provided via a 3GPP visited network or the home network using the Wn reference point, which connects a WLAN to a WLAN Access Gateway (WAG) on 3GPP network. - 17 -
Page 1 and 2: Handover Mechanisms in Next Generat
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, I woul
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.4.2 Power Save
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF FIGURES Fig
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 7.2 A generi
Page 11 and 12: ABSTRACT New access technologies su
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION New access t
Page 15 and 16: INTRODUCTION becomes available. Han
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION The above multipliciti
Page 19 and 20: INTRODUCTION network trust pattern
Page 21 and 22: INTRODUCTION 1.3 Related Publicatio
Page 23 and 24: INTRODUCTION TECHNICAL REPORTS XIII
Page 25 and 26: HANDOVER MANAGEMENT horizontally. H
Page 27: HANDOVER MANAGEMENT The objective o
Page 31 and 32: HANDOVER MANAGEMENT proposed archit
Page 33 and 34: HANDOVER MANAGEMENT Access point (A
Page 35 and 36: HANDOVER MANAGEMENT users. Moreover
Page 37 and 38: HANDOVER MANAGEMENT For IEEE 802.11
Page 39 and 40: HANDOVER MANAGEMENT The two schemes
Page 41 and 42: HANDOVER MANAGEMENT When a MH is mo
Page 43 and 44: 3.1 Introduction Chapter 3 HANDOVER
Page 45 and 46: SECURITY FOR HANDOVER ACROSS HETERO
Page 69 and 70: DYNAMIC NEIGHBOUR TRUST INFORMATION
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DYNAMIC NEIGHBOUR TRUST INFORMATION
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Chapter 5 TRUST ASSISTED HANDOVER A
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TRUST ASSISTED HANDOVER ALGORITHM F
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Chapter 6 PROXY BASED AUTHENTICATIO
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PROXY BASED AUTHENTICATION LOCALISA
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MULTI-INTERFACE MOBILE MODEL FOR ME
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CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH WOR
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ABBREVIATIONS 3G 3rd Generation Wir
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ABBREVIATIONS LS Location Server MH
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ABBREVIATIONS THOA Trust Assisted H
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REFERENCES [12] C. Politis, T. Oda,
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REFERENCES [37] Wi-Fi Alliance, "Wi
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REFERENCES presented at IEEE Intern
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REFERENCES [90] R. Verdone and A. Z
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REFERENCES [116] K. E. Malki and H.
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