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Women’s employment in the textile manufacturing sectors of Bangladesh and Morocco 12. We noted, during our interviews with the women workers, that they know the names of all the factories in the area, as well as the names of their owners. They all evaluate the factories in terms of wages and human relations. 13. In many cases a woman worker will leave one factory to go and be recruited by another which does not necessarily offer her better wages. 14. In this connection Joekes (1995:12) observed that Moroccan clothing producers believe that the quality of women’s work is superior to men’s, while men’s work rate is higher. 15. Here it is possible to see how competition between the sexes in the production process is hindered by gender relationships. This is particularly the case for factories in which the girls are unskilled, with low levels of education. 16. The same discourse occurs among certain women vis-a-vis their domestic servants: that they cheat, steal and are irresponsible. 17. The trade union movement in Morocco was traditionally linked to the independence movement. Once independence was achieved, there was a fragmentation of the movement due to social and political forces. The trade union movement in Morocco remains subject to discriminatory pressures, collective bargaining mechanisms are dysfunctional and the legal infrastructure protecting workers’ organizations is weak. Nonetheless, there is some evidence of activity around the factories. One woman garment factory worker explained that because there are no trade union delegates within the factory, they sometimes take their troubles to trade union members outside the factory. How far trade unions are able to respond to the needs of women workers is unclear, though studies on women and trade unions in other countries raise questions on this account (see Mitter, 1994; Khan, this volume). 100
Gender and employment in Moroccan textile industries References Adam, A. (1972) Casablanca, Vol. 2, CNRS, Paris, p. 752. Afsar, R. (1998) A Case Study of the Gender Dimensions of Labour Migration in the Formal Manufacturing Sector of Dhaka City, mimeo, UNRISD, Geneva. Anker, R. (1997) “Theories of occupational segregation by sex: An overview”, International Labour Review, 136(3). Ayache, A. (1993) Le Mouvement syndical au Maroc, Tome 3: Vers l’indépendance (1949- 1956), Collection Histoire et Perspectives Méditerranéennes, L’Harmattan, Paris. Belghazi, S. (1995) Emploi féminin urbain et avantage compétitif du Maroc, introductory report prepared for the workshop organized by CERAB and UNRISD, mimeo, UNRISD, Geneva. ______ (1996) Emploi féminin, compétitivité des industries du tapis, de la bonneterie et de la confection, CERAB report, May, Rabat. Belghazi, S. and R. Bourquia (1997) Emploi féminin et modèles industriels, mimeo, UNRISD, Geneva. Birdsall, N. and R. Sabot (1991) Unfair Advantage: Labour Market Discrimination in Developing Countries, World Bank, Washington, DC. Crozier, M. and E. Friedberg (1977) L’acteur et le système, Le Seuil, Paris. Humphrey, J. (1985) “Gender, pay, and skill: Manual workers in Brazilian industry”, in H. Afsher (ed.), Women, Work, and Ideology in the Third World, Tavistock Publications, London. _______(1987) Gender and Work in the Third World: Sexual Divisions in Brazilian Industry, Tavistock Publications, London. Joekes S. (1985) “Working for lipstick? Male and female labour in the clothing industry in Morocco”, in H. Afsher (ed.), Women, Work, and Ideology in the Third World, Tavistock Publications, London. 101
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Women’s Employment in the Textile
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This United Nations Research Instit
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Acknowledgements Many people have b
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notwithstanding the inertia of the
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Carol Miller is a policy analyst on
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xii VII. Contribution of different
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Introduction 1 Introduction 1 Shahr
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Introduction Table 1: Basic indicat
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Introduction women have been tradit
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Introduction The chapters on Bangla
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Introduction occurs, on average, at
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Introduction women workers related
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Introduction in low-income countrie
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Introduction by repaying their “d
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Introduction participate in labour
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Introduction their bargaining power
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Introduction processing zones hypot
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Introduction IV. The case studies T
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Introduction experience in garment
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Introduction V. Conclusion Although
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Introduction improved technology. T
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Introduction References Afsar, R. (
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Introduction Household Power Relati
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Wage discrimination by gender in Mo
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Becoming a garment worker 5Becoming
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Becoming a garment worker they firs
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Becoming a garment worker V. Conclu
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Becoming a garment worker is a job
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Becoming a garment worker Endnotes
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Becoming a garment worker Cole P. D
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