Women's Employment - United Nations Research Institute for Social ...

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Foreword The United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), in co-operation with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), carried out an action research programme on Technical Co-operation and Women’s Lives from 1992 to 1998. The objective was to facilitate a substantive dialogue between gender researchers, economists and policy makers, and to encourage the involvement of national research teams and civil society organizations in national policy debates. In Bangladesh and Morocco, the research focused on the feminization of the labour force in the context of increasing export manufacturing and trade liberalization. This book is based on the research carried out by national research teams in those two countries. The current emphasis on trade liberalization and economic restructuring will affect many countries that have a large female workforce in labour-intensive industries. Given the limits imposed on productivity by low-skill, labour-intensive strategies, increasing competitiveness must come in large part from technological upgrading and increasing labour productivity. Such a strategy is likely to result in a workforce both better trained and better compensated, although, at least in the short term, it may also result in overall job losses. In addition, there is some evidence to suggest that women will be the first to lose their jobs, and the last to receive the education and training necessary to compete in the new labour force. The challenge in both Bangladesh and Morocco, as in many other countries, is to make the transition from a low-wage, low-productivity strategy to higher wage, higher productivity employment without substituting male workers, and more socially privileged female workers, for the existing female workforce that is drawn from lower income households. The training of the existing workforce, and methods of valorizing the skills and experience of current workers, seem to be important aspects of the production upgrading process. The role of public policy is going to be critical in this context. Training and education issues thus deserve imaginative policy responses, vii
notwithstanding the inertia of the education system and the general crisis of resources for social development that pose significant policy challenges. At the same time, there are clear limits to employment generation through export-oriented strategies. As the introductory chapter reminds us, the ability to develop successful export-oriented manufacturing has been geographically patchy and uneven, and in many cases it has not been sustainable. Stephen Browne Director Social Development and Poverty Alleviation Division UNDP Thandika Mkandawire Director UNRISD viii
Page 1 and 2: Women’s Employment in the Textile
Page 3 and 4: This United Nations Research Instit
Page 6: Acknowledgements Many people have b
Page 11 and 12: Carol Miller is a policy analyst on
Page 13 and 14: xii VII. Contribution of different
Page 15 and 16: Introduction 1 Introduction 1 Shahr
Page 17 and 18: Introduction Table 1: Basic indicat
Page 19 and 20: Introduction women have been tradit
Page 21 and 22: Introduction The chapters on Bangla
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Page 37 and 38: Introduction IV. The case studies T
Page 39 and 40: Introduction experience in garment
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Wage discrimination by gender in Mo
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Gender and employment in Moroccan t
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Gender dimensions of labour migrati
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Table 1: Total number of male and f
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Becoming a garment worker 5Becoming
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Becoming a garment worker garment w
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Becoming a garment worker Table 1:
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Becoming a garment worker view of t
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Becoming a garment worker that time
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Becoming a garment worker 2. “I e
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Becoming a garment worker out that
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Becoming a garment worker being. Th
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Becoming a garment worker support t
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Becoming a garment worker they firs
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Becoming a garment worker V. Conclu
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Becoming a garment worker is a job
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Becoming a garment worker Endnotes
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Becoming a garment worker Cole P. D
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Women’s employment in the textile
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260 Annex Table 2:Level of wages an
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