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Women’s employment in the textile manufacturing sectors of Bangladesh and Morocco Table 5: Distribution of respondents and types of help received after migration from kin and acquaintances who lived in Dhaka Respondents’ Shelter Help to Job-related Monetary Job and Those who received category get job information help shelter help from acquaintances (No.) (%) Garment Male 58.9 33.9 12.5 12.5 33.9 57 95.0 Female 72.7 20.0 16.4 7.3 21.8 55 91.7 Long-term migrant Male 72.0 20.0 8.0 4.0 20.0 25 96.1 Female 70.8 12.5 12.5 8.3 20.8 24 88.9 Recent migrant Male 56.0 45.2 16.1 19.3 45.2 31 93.9 Female 74.2 25.8 19.3 6.4 22.6 31 93.9 Non-garment* Migrant male 71.4 14.3 9.5 23.8 28.6 21 70.0 Migrant female 60.0 20.0 20.0 26.7 33.3 15 50.0 * As only five male respondents were classified as recent migrants, it was decided to present data from other manufacturing units as one category. Data presented here denote multiple responses. Source: Sample survey of migrant workers of Dhaka’s formal manufacturing sector, 1996. Table 6: Distribution of respondents by gender, migration status and people who accompanied them to Dhaka Marital status prior Long-term migrant Recent migrant Total to migration to Dhaka (%) (%) (No.) Male Female Male Female Male Female Self (%) 12.0 1.7 36.1 4.0 20 13 Spouse (%) 8.0 12.7 - 18.4 2 65 Son (%) 52.0 - - 0.7 - 2 Parents (%) 20.0 47.4 21.3 23.2 23 119 Siblings (%) 4.0 20.3 21.3 20.6 15 80 Kin (%) - 15.3 10.7 28.0 6 94 Inlaw (%) - 2.6 2.1 4.0 2 14 Servant (%) - - 2.1 - 1 - Friend (%) 4.0 - 6.4 - 3 - Neighbour (%) - - - 1.1 - 3 All (No.) 25 118 47 272 72 390 Source: Afsar, 1998b. 118
Gender dimensions of labour migration in Dhaka city’s formal manufacturing sector Table 7: Distribution of sample respondents by sources of help to secure/seek the present job Sources Garment industries Other manufacturing industries Male Female Male Female No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) Family members/ relatives 14 19.2 13 18.1 2 11.8 4 28.6 Neighbours/ friends 14 19.2 16 22.2 1 5.90 3 21.4 Employers/ employers agent 23 31.5 14 19.4 5 29.4 3 21.4 Newspaper/ Other Advertisement 4 5.5 6 8.3 5 29.4 3 21.4 Self 18 24.7 23 31.9 4 23.5 1 7.1 All 73 100.0 72 100 17 100. 14 100 Source: Sample survey of migrant workers of Dhaka’s formal manufacturing sector, 1996. III. Profiles of the sample workers and some important consequences of factory work 1. Demographic and social characteristics One major change in rural-urban migration over the past decade has been the increasing proportion of young women with low levels of educational attainment originating from rural areas. The increasing importance of RMG industries in absorbing young and literate or semiliterate women can be observed from the present study. Almost all the women (96 per cent) in the sample from the garment factories migrated between 1980 and 1996 (with the proportion evenly divided between the migration periods 1980-90 and 1991-96). In contrast, none of the women in the sample from other manufacturing units migrated between 1990 and 1996 (Table 2). The proportion of those who migrated between 1980 and 1990 was 47 per cent for females and 40 per cent for males. The sample confirms the observed tendency for RMG industries to attract women with little education: a migrant female worker in the garment factories is least educated compared to her male or female counterparts from the same or other manufacturing industries (Table 3), although, as noted above, she is likely to have more education than women who remain in rural areas. Regarding age at migration, a woman worker was on average at least two years 119
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Women’s Employment in the Textile
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This United Nations Research Instit
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Acknowledgements Many people have b
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notwithstanding the inertia of the
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Carol Miller is a policy analyst on
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xii VII. Contribution of different
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Introduction 1 Introduction 1 Shahr
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Introduction Table 1: Basic indicat
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Introduction women have been tradit
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Introduction The chapters on Bangla
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Introduction occurs, on average, at
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Introduction women workers related
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Introduction in low-income countrie
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Introduction by repaying their “d
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Introduction participate in labour
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Introduction their bargaining power
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Introduction processing zones hypot
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Introduction IV. The case studies T
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Introduction experience in garment
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Introduction V. Conclusion Although
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Introduction improved technology. T
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Introduction References Afsar, R. (
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Introduction Household Power Relati
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Wage discrimination by gender in Mo
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Becoming a garment worker they firs
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Becoming a garment worker V. Conclu
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Becoming a garment worker is a job
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Becoming a garment worker Endnotes
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Becoming a garment worker Cole P. D
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Women’s employment in the textile
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