Women's Employment - United Nations Research Institute for Social ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

140 Table 17: Source of transport, and accompanyment, when travelling to work at night, by migration status Respondents With male/ Male neighbours Rickshaw Office transport Others* All female worker (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (No.) Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Garment Non-migrant 33.3 40.0 - - 33.3 20.0 - - 33.3 40.0 3 5 Long-term migrant 42.9 70.3 - - 11.4 16.2 - - 45.7 13.5 35 37 Recent migrant 65.8 82.9 5.3 - 2.6 5.7 - - 26.3 11.4 38 35 All 53.9 74.0 2.6 - 7.9 11.7 - - 35.5 14.3 76 77 Other industries Non-migrant 23.1 25.0 7.7 18.8 30.8 - 15.4 37.5 23.1 18.8 13 16 Long-term migrant 16.7 35.7 16.7 7.1 16.7 21.4 41.7 28.6 8.3 7.1 12 14 Recent migrant - - - - 40.0 - - - 60.0 - 5 - All 16.7 30.0 10.0 13.3 26.7 10.0 23.3 33.3 23.3 13.3 30 30 All (garment & others) 87 123 5 4 14 12 7 10 34 15 106 107 * Others include family members for female workers at large and no companion for male workers. Source: Sample survey of migrant workers of Dhaka’s formal manufacturing sector, 1996. Women’s employment in the textile manufacturing sectors of Bangladesh and Morocco
Gender dimensions of labour migration in Dhaka city’s formal manufacturing sector in the absence of public education campaigns on the spread and prevention of STDs and HIV/AIDS. V. Policy implications The above discussion on migrant women workers’ coping mechanisms in the urban labour market and society suggests some important areas for policy interventions. One area is housing and shelter, including the efficient delivery of basic amenities. Public sector housing so far has provided only 1 per cent of the urban housing needs. Hence, the informal private sector provides the bulk of housing needs, while the formal private sector is confined to upper-middle and high-income housing. There is only one hostel for working women run by the Department of Women’s Affairs for the middle-class working women of Dhaka city. At a very limited scale, Nari Uddyog Kendra (NUK) started hostel schemes for low-income female garment factory workers. It has two rented structures accommodating a total of 200 women with facilities of food, education, skills development and recreation. However, as it charges Tk 700 (Tk 300 for food and Tk 400 for room rent), it is not often affordable by helpers or unskilled production workers in garment factories who earn Tk 500 per month, on average. During field work it was observed that helpers are the most transient category, and are often denied accommodation by their relatives, on account of inadequate monetary contribution. Hence, they have to move from one relative to the other in search of a house or look for a steady co-worker or single working cousin to live in sub-let arrangements. Thus, while there is a general need for lowincome housing in urban areas, low-cost hostel facilities for working women, particularly unskilled garment factory workers, demand urgent policy intervention. Often planners and policy makers are hesitant to develop lowcost housing, fearing that this might “pull” more migrants from rural to urban areas. Hence, many governments in developing countries (e.g. Bangladesh) try to discourage migration by adopting resettlement policy in urban areas and diverting investment for rural development. Such policies do not necessarily prevent rural-urban migration. For example, in India out-migration is higher from those districts that have better agricultural performance. Similarly in Ecuador, efforts to improve living conditions through integrated rural development have been successful, but fail to reduce rural-urban migration significantly. Values generated by modernization and increased aspirations cannot 141
Page 1 and 2:
Women’s Employment in the Textile
Page 3 and 4:
This United Nations Research Instit
Page 6:
Acknowledgements Many people have b
Page 9 and 10:
notwithstanding the inertia of the
Page 11 and 12:
Carol Miller is a policy analyst on
Page 13 and 14:
xii VII. Contribution of different
Page 15 and 16:
Introduction 1 Introduction 1 Shahr
Page 17 and 18:
Introduction Table 1: Basic indicat
Page 19 and 20:
Introduction women have been tradit
Page 21 and 22:
Introduction The chapters on Bangla
Page 23 and 24:
Introduction occurs, on average, at
Page 25 and 26:
Introduction women workers related
Page 27 and 28:
Introduction in low-income countrie
Page 29 and 30:
Introduction by repaying their “d
Page 31 and 32:
Introduction participate in labour
Page 33 and 34:
Introduction their bargaining power
Page 35 and 36:
Introduction processing zones hypot
Page 37 and 38:
Introduction IV. The case studies T
Page 39 and 40:
Introduction experience in garment
Page 41 and 42:
Introduction V. Conclusion Although
Page 43 and 44:
Introduction improved technology. T
Page 45 and 46:
Introduction References Afsar, R. (
Page 47 and 48:
Introduction Household Power Relati
Page 49 and 50:
Wage discrimination by gender in Mo
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Gender and employment in Moroccan t
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104: Gender and employment in Moroccan t
Page 117 and 118: Gender dimensions of labour migrati
Page 121 and 122: Table 1: Total number of male and f
Page 143 and 144: Table 9: Distribution of the sample
Page 153: Gender dimensions of labour migrati
Page 165 and 166: Becoming a garment worker 5Becoming
Page 167 and 168: Becoming a garment worker garment w
Page 169 and 170: Becoming a garment worker Table 1:
Page 171 and 172: Becoming a garment worker view of t
Page 173 and 174: Becoming a garment worker that time
Page 175 and 176: Becoming a garment worker 2. “I e
Page 177 and 178: Becoming a garment worker out that
Page 179 and 180: Becoming a garment worker being. Th
Page 181 and 182: Becoming a garment worker support t
Page 183 and 184: Becoming a garment worker they firs
Page 185 and 186: Becoming a garment worker V. Conclu
Page 187 and 188: Becoming a garment worker is a job
Page 189 and 190: Becoming a garment worker Endnotes
Page 191 and 192: Becoming a garment worker Cole P. D
Page 193 and 194: Women’s employment in the textile
Page 205 and 206:
Women’s employment in the textile
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
258 Women’s employment in the tex
Page 273 and 274:
260 Annex Table 2:Level of wages an
Page 275 and 276:
show all

Women's Employment - United Nations Research Institute for Social ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?