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Women’s employment in the textile manufacturing sectors of Bangladesh and Morocco Endnotes 1. Sections of this chapter draw on Razavi (1999). 2. See Cagatay and Ozler (1995), Joekes and Weston (1994), Joekes (1995), and Standing (1989). 3. While there is an extensive literature on the health hazards of new technology in developed countries — documenting muscular-skeletal disorders, eyesight injuries, stress and fatigue, skin complaints and reproductive hazards — very little research has been undertaken to monitor the health implications of working with new technology in developing countries (Pearson, 1991b). 4. Belghazi’s analysis of Moroccan employment and wage data, for example, suggests that there is strong selectivity in participation by educational level. The female urban labour force in Morocco is on average better educated than the male, despite a significant gender gap in education even in urban areas (this volume). 5. See Elson (1996) for evidence of such reversals in some developed countries (e.g. electronics plants in the Republic of Ireland and Scotland, and textile manufacturing in the United Kingdom). 6. This phrase is borrowed from Pearson (1998). 30
Introduction References Afsar, R. (1998) A Case Study of the Gender Dimensions of Labour Migration in the Formal Manufacturing Sector of Dhaka City, mimeo, UNRISD, Geneva. Beneria, L. (1995) “Toward a greater integration of gender in economics”, World Development, 23(11):1839-1850. Breman, J. (1996) Footloose Labour: Working in India’s Informal Economy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Bullock, S. (1994) Women and Work, Zed Books, London. Cagatay, N. and S. Ozler (1995) “Feminization of the labor force: The effects of long-term development and structural adjustment”, World Development, 23(11):1883-1894. Chhachhi, A. and Pittin, R. (1996) “Multiple identities, multiple strategies”, in A. Chhachhi and R. Pittin (eds.), Confronting State, Capital and Patriarchy: Women Organizing in the Process of Industrialization, Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp. 93-130. Chiu, S.W.K. and Lee, C.K. (1997) “After the Hong Kong miracle: Women workers under industrial restructuring”, Asian Survey, 37(8):752-770. Dunn, L.L. (1996) “Women organising for change in Caribbean Free Zones”, in A. Chhachhi and R. Pittin (eds.), Confronting State, Capital and Patriarchy: Women Organizing in the Process of Industrialization, Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp. 205-243. Edgren, G. (1982) Spearheads of Industrialisation or Sweatshops in the Sun?: A Critical Appraisal of Labour Conditions in Asian Export Processing Zones, ILO-ARTEP, Bangkok. Elson, D. (1996) “Appraising recent developments in the world market for nimble fingers”, in A. Chhachhi and R. Pittin (eds.), Confronting State, Capital and Patriarchy: Women Organizing in the Process of Industrialization, Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp. 35-55. Elson, D. and R. Pearson (1981) “The subordination of women and the internationalisation of factory production”, in K. Young, C. Wolkowitz and 31
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