Complete Report - University of New South Wales

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Student Administration Manager Trichelle Burns, BCom UNSW Financial Officer Julie Kwan Computer System Officer Lawrence Soria, AssocDipCompAppl W’gong Administrative Staff Lisa Cahill Danny Lin Chen, BSc UNSW Jenny Hansen Jill Lewis Ana Naumoska PhD Students Malcolm Abbott, BE UNSW Anna Bruce, BE UNSW Wan-Lam Florence Chen, BE UNSW Young Hyun Cho, BSc Hanyang U, MEngSc UNSW Matthew Edwards, BE UNSW Thipwan Fangsuwannarak, BEng V’kul, MEng C’korn Ziv Hameiri BSc BGU Daniel Inns, BE UNSW Chu-Wei “Scott” Jiang, BSEE Nat.Taiwan U, MEngSc Qld Oliver Kunz Ly Mai, BE UNSW Supriya Pillai, BTech M.G.U Giuseppe Scardera, BSc McGill , BASc Ottawa Avi Shalav, BSc MSc Massey Dengyuan Song, BSc MSc Hebei Geoffrey Stapleton, BE UNSW Axel Straub, BE ME Ulm, PhD UNSW (until July 2005) Mason Terry, BSEET Oregon IT, MSEE Washington Budi Tjahjono, BE UNSW Attachai Ueranantasun, BE KMUTT, T’land, MEngSc UNSW Timothy Walsh, BSc Melbourne, (Hons) ANU Guoxiao “James” Yao, BE UT Zhegiang, MS Sweden Masters Students Kathryn Fisher, BE UNSW Bijaya Paudyal Lei “Adrian” Shi Bernhard Vogl, BE Regensburg Juergen Weber 12
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH Photovoltaics, the direct conversion of sunlight to electricity using solar cells, is recognised as one of the most promising options for a sustainable energy future. The ARC Photovoltaics Centre of Excellence commenced in mid-2003, drawing together previous disparate strands of work, supported under a variety of programs, into a coherent whole addressing the key challenges facing photovoltaics, as well as “spin-off” applications in microelectronics and optoelectronics. The Centre’s photovoltaics research is divided into three interlinked strands addressing nearterm, medium-term and long-term needs, respectively. The present photovoltaic market is dominated by “fi rst-generation” product based on silicon wafers, either single-crystalline as in microelectronics, or a lower-grade multicrystalline wafer (Fig. 4.1.1). This market dominance is likely to continue for at least the next decade. First-generation production volume is growing rapidly, with the technological emphasis upon streamlining manufacturing to reduce costs while, at the same time, improving the energy conversion effi ciency of the product. Other key issues involve reducing the manufacturing spread on multicrystalline wafer lines caused by variability in wafer quality (typically 20% spread in cell output) and elimination of the effects of boron-oxygen defects in both types of wafers. These defects become active under illumination and reduce the performance of most commercial modules by about 3%. They also constrain the specifi cation of the starting silicon wafer, restricting cell design possibilities. Also important is the reduction of the thickness of the starting silicon wafer without losing performance, to save on material use, and the development of low-cost techniques for reducing refl ection from multicrystalline cells. Figure 4.1.1: “First-generation” waferbased technology (BP Solar Saturn Module, the photovoltaic product manufactured in the highest volume by BP in Europe, using UNSW buried-contact technology). The Centre’s fi rst-generation research is focussed on these key issues. Major emphasis is upon the “buried-contact” solar cell, originally developed by Centre researchers, the fi rst of the modern high-effi ciency cell technologies to be successfully commercialised (Fig. 4.1.1). Centre research seeks improvements to these devices to increase effi ciency, particularly for devices fabricated on thin wafers. Of key interest is the development of buried-contact sequences for substrates doped with phosphorus, rather than boron, to avoid the boronoxygen defect problem previously noted. Wafers are expensive and need quite elaborate and expensive encapsulation, since they are brittle and also thermally mismatched to the glass coversheet, making fi rst-generation technology inherently material-intensive. To avoid the associated cost penalties, several companies worldwide are commercialising “second-generation” thin-fi lm cell technology based on depositing thin layers of the photoactive material onto supporting substrates or superstrates, usually sheets of glass (Fig. 4.1.2). Although materials other than silicon are of interest for these fi lms, silicon avoids problems that can arise with these more complex compounds due to stability, manufacturability, moisture sensitivity, toxicity and resource availability issues. CSG Solar, a partner in the Centre, has commercialised an approach pioneered by Centre researchers that is unique in that it is based on the use of the same high quality silicon used for fi rst-generation production, but deposited as a thin layer onto glass. 13
Page 1 and 2: ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanc
Page 3: Page 1. DIRECTORS' REPORT 1 2. HIGH
Page 6 and 7: the cell. Cells based on “hot”
Page 8 and 9: New Semiconductor Finger Technology
Page 10 and 11: Stanford University GCEP Grant The
Page 12 and 13: ARC Centre Review The Centre was re
Page 14 and 15: Adjunct Fellows Kylie Catchpole, BS
Page 18 and 19: Figure 4.1.2: Example of “second-
Page 20 and 21: The fourth “spin-off” Centre st
Page 22 and 23: 4 3 2 1 G During 2005 the developme
Page 24 and 25: system, microwave carrier lifetime
Page 26 and 27: Semiconductor Nanofabrication Facil
Page 29 and 30: 4.3 FIRST GENERATION: WAFER-BASED P
Page 31 and 32: According to the calculated data in
Page 33 and 34: It is seen that the measured IQE in
Page 35: The re-PERT cells on n-type CZ subs
Page 38 and 39: In silicon wafers that have natural
Page 40 and 41: Based on our fi ndings, we consider
Page 42 and 43: Conductive Paste Firing Tests Basic
Page 44 and 45: Figure 4.3.2.9: Illuminated IV curv
Page 46 and 47: Silicon Nitride Passivation of Bare
Page 48 and 49: Wafer Handling PL imaging was used
Page 50 and 51: (a) (b) (c) Figure 4.3.2.18: SiN sa
Page 52 and 53: 4.3.2.4 Process Engineering - Conta
Page 55 and 56: 4.4 SECOND GENERATION: THIN-FILMS U
Page 57 and 58: Another highlight of the Group in 2
Page 59 and 60: whereas ALICE cells can be made by
Page 61 and 62: To illustrate the signifi cance of
Page 63 and 64: 4.4.8 Optimisation of Evaporated So
Page 65 and 66: Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SI
Page 67 and 68:
Current Density (mA/cm 2 ) 16 14 12
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The fact that the SPE diodes are n=
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The current response of the cell as
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4.4.12 References for Section 4.4 4
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The parallel project with Toyota on
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4.5.2.1 Alternative matrices for Si
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4.5.3.1.1 TEM of SiQDs in nitride H
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Figure 4.5.9: Two Theta Plots of th
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4.5.3.3 Electrical characterisation
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Generating a description of the sam
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Many lanthanide energy levels are b
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4.5.6.1 Selective Energy Contacts R
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ias to about 2.2V (Figure 4.5.23c).
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The phonon dispersions show that if
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In addition the thesis project inve
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4.5.8 Concluding remarks for the Th
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4.6 SILICON PHOTONICS RESEARCH GROU
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Some of these SOI LEDs were designe
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(a) (b) Figure 4.6.7: (a) Top view
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The photonic crystal processing of
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4.6.5 Improved SOI LEDs Using Surfa
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Another interesting aspect of the P
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4.6.6 Photoluminescence-Based Chara
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Surprisingly high sensitivity of PL
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Fig.4.6.6.6: Analysis of experiment
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In qualitative PL imaging, only the
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4.7 COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH Universi
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UNSW Centre for Energy and Environm
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to avoid excessive shading losses.
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diffusing the groove walls. The per
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Thus this represents a QD areal map
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Summary The Centre for Advanced Sil
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strand is to provide students with
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5.2.3 Screen-printed Solar Cells Sc
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5.4 Scholarships The undergraduate
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5.5.1 New Flexible First Year In 20
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The main purpose of this tool is to
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5.8.3 UNSW Information Day Local un
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For the fi rst time in 2005, UNSW M
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5.9.6 Murdoch University Western Au
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The Management structure of the Cen
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7.1 PROGRESS AGAINST CENTRE DESIGNA
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In parallel, the AIT glass texturin
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A.10 Demonstration of photon down-c
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A.17 Demonstration of operational m
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Governance Milestones H.1 Establish
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Number of postgraduate completions
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Quality of the Centre Strategic Pla
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Centre 2005 Income The total income
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Centre 2005 Expenditure of ARC Gran
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BOOKS Stuart R. Wenham, Martin A. G
Page 171 and 172:
R.A. Bardos, T. Trupke, M. Schubert
Page 173 and 174:
D. Song, D. Inns, A. Straub, M.L. T
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F.W. Chen, J.E. Cotter, A. Cuevas,
Page 177 and 178:
M.A. Green, “Photovoltaics - Elec
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A. Shalav, B. Richards, G. Conibeer
Page 181 and 182:
P.I. Widenborg, S.V. Chan, D. Inns,
Page 183:
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