Double-Edged Hydropolitics on the Nile - Center for Security Studies ...

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Shaky ground: Ethiopian water policy making and Nile Basin cooperation and international NGOs are relatively prominent in Ethiopia compared to other Nile countries both with regard to policy advocacy and in terms of their capacities to implement water development projects. Beyond their rather limited direct involvement in governmental planning processes, advocacy NGOs mainly rely on informal contacts to high-level officials and on linkages to donor agencies (Keeley and Scoones 2000). The Christian Relief and Development Association (CRDA) coordinates NGO activities at the national level. Water research institutions have been strengthened in recent years, but their capacity to address the significant research needs (Kamara and McCornick 2002) remains limited. Efforts to establish a national water research center affiliated to the MoWR have met with delay. The recently established regional office of the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) is one of the most important academic water policy think-tanks in Ethiopia. The private sector does not (yet) play a major role in the Ethiopian water policy sector (Dessalegn Rahmato 1999; UNESCO 2004). Insecurity regarding water rights and the low profitability of the drinking water sector are among the main constraints to private investments. Much of the irrigable land is located in remote areas that are characterized by a hot climate, highprecalence of infectious diseases, and security concerns. Recent claims for a reliable water supply and flood protection lodged by successful flower exporters, however, are a sign of the growing influence of agro-investors. Foreign contractors have also been mentioned as important players in the context of infrastructure projects (Waterbury 2002). Table 5.2 indicates that some of the most vulnerable stakeholder groups have little influence on water policy processes and decisions. End-users are inadequately organized, lack access to relevant information, and face (formal and informal) political institutions that tend to value the agendas of central political elites higher than the local communities’ right to selfdetermination. Remote ethnic minority groups and communities relying on non-agricultural livelihoods (e.g., pastoralists or fishermen) are particularly at risk of marginalization in both policy formulation and implementation processes. 131
<strong>Double</strong>-<strong>Edged</strong> <strong>Hydropolitics</strong> on the Nile Table 5.2: Water sector actors in Ethiopia Actor Issues of participation Interests Prime Minister PM (representing the political leadership and the ruling coalition) Parliament Ministry of Water Resources MoWR Ministry of Finance and Economic Development MoFED Overall strategic decisions; transboundary issues International agreements; national budget Policy design and coordination; definition of standards; issuing of permits; planning and impl. of largescale projects Approval of strategies and projects; allocation of funds National development; political stability; consolidation of power National development; political stability (different interests of different political parties) Integration of sectoral policies; maximize budgetary allocation to water sector; balance control and efficiency National development; financial sustainability Ministry of Foreign Affairs MoFA Nile Basin cooperation Improve int’l. relations; enhance Ethiopia’s regional influence Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MoARD Ministry of Health MoH Environmental Protection Agency EPA Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation EEPCo Regional State Water Bureaus (and/or Bureaus of Agriculture) Food security; small-scale irrigation; rainwater harvesting Water supply and sanitation; hygiene; water quality control Water quality control; ecosystem conservation Dam construction Small-/medium-scale water development projects Increase agricultural output (in a sustainable manner) Prevent the spread of diseases; improve public health Sustain ecological functions of aquatic systems Maximize hydropower production Increase water services coverage Donor agencies Funding; policy discourse Development (national indicators, propoor) Advocacy NGOs Water policy discourse Advocate specific strategies (pro-poor); empower water users NGOs involved in water development projects Local water projects Improve local level water use and services provision Research institutions Water research Increase knowledge base Contractors Well drilling; manufacturing and sale Assignments; profit of pipes; construction, etc. Consulting firms Policy and project design Assignments Users: industries Water allocation; quality Cheap water; few legal restrictions management Users: agro-investors Irrigation development Cheap water; subsidized irrigation infrastructure Users: small-scale farmers Small-scale water development Irrigation infrastructure; cheap, reliable water supply Users: downstream pastoralists, fishermen (planning of local projects) Improved water supply, natural flow regime; flood protection Users: urban Water supply and sanitation Cheap, reliable supply of good quality water 132
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Samuel Luzi Double
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Acknowledgment T his study was cond
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Acknowledgement Furthermore, I am g
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Table of Contents List of Figures 1
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Table of Contents 4.8 Patterns of p
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List of Figures 1.1 Converging anal
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List of Abbreviations AAU ADB ADLI
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List of Abbreviations R&D Research
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1 Introduction T he growing global
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Introduction 1.1 Research questions
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Introduction The analytical perspec
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Introduction concepts with regard t
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Introduction and Ashton 2004). Gene
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Introduction Causes, characteristic
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Introduction different tracks: 1) i
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Introduction management agreements
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Introduction While most of these st
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Introduction is defined as a state
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Introduction a) Country B Country A
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Introduction particularly stress th
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Introduction The notion of policy n
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Introduction studies. A short compa
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Introduction Closely related minist
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Introduction 1.6 Outline of the the
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3 International River Basins: Manag
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Domestic Constraints and Internatio
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Appendix Questionnaires used in the
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Appendix • Please try to give you
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Appendix 2 Official Affiliation Wit
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Appendix 5 Effective cooperation Wi
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Appendix Instructions All the follo
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Appendix MOWR Department of Rural W
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Appendix 2 Meetings With which of t
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Appendix 5 Effective cooperation 5A
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