Double-Edged Hydropolitics on the Nile - Center for Security Studies ...

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Water policy networks in Egypt and Ethiopia Table 6.5: Actor categories and subgroups. Note that the densities of cohesive subgroups in Table 6.6 are calculated without the water ministries. Egypt Categories Ministerial actors MoP, MoHP, MoALR, MSoEA, MHUNC, MoLD, MoIC, MoTI, MoFA, SFfD Multilateral donors WB, UNDP, UNESCO Bilateral donors USAID, Netherlands, GTZ, JICA Cohesive subgroups (based on effective cooperation in planning networks) Subgroup 1 (WSS) MWRI, WB, MoSEA, MHUNC, Netherlands, MoHP, PWSHC, MoLD Subgroup 2 (irrigation) MWRI, WB, MoALR, GTZ, CEDARE, ENCID, NWRC Ethiopia Categories Ministerial actors MoARD, MoFED, MoFA, MoH, EPA, EEPCo NGOs Water Action, WaterAid, CRDA, ERHA, OCDC, EEA Multilateral donors UNDP, UNICEF, WB, AfDB, EU Bilateral donors JICA, CIDA, GTZ, USAID Cohesive subgroups (based on effective cooperation in planning networks) Subgroup (WSS) MoWR, MoH, Oromia, Gambella, Wateraid, UNICEF, UNDP, WB Table 6.6 shows average densities in each actor category and subgroup, and compares these values to the overall network densities for each linkage type. Note that differences between the categories of governmental actors are not directly comparable across the two case studies, as the numbers of ministerial actors differ significantly (ten in Egypt and six in Ethiopia). Direct (i.e., not mediated through the water ministries) linkages related to water policy issues are infrequent within the category of ministerial actors, especially in terms of effective cooperation. This indicates that the task of water policy integration is still primarily performed by the MWRI, rather than by the ministerial actors as a group. Donors have frequent ties with each other in terms of meetings and information exchange. These linkages, however, only partly translate into effective cooperation ties regarding policy formulation and implementation. This seems to confirm qualitative findings that donors in Egypt – unlike in Ethiopia – mainly influence water policies through individual projects, rather than jointly through the national and sectoral planning processes. 171
<strong>Double</strong>-<strong>Edged</strong> <strong>Hydropolitics</strong> on the Nile Table 6.6: Sub-network densities within actor categories and subgroups (all excluding water ministries). Percentages indicate relative values compared to the densities of the entire network for each relationship type (including water ministries). Egypt Affiliations Meetings Information flow Eff. coop. plan. Eff. coop. impl. Ministries 0.27 150% 0.6 136% 0.13 91% 0.07 58% 0.04 39% Multilateral donors 0.00 0% 1.00 227% 0.67 457% 0.00 0% 0.00 0% Bilateral donors 0.17 94% 0.83 189% 0.67 457% 0.33 287% 0.17 146% Cohesive subgroup 1 0.57 320% 0.71 215% 0.48 326% 0.52 452% 0.43 376% Cohesive subgroup 2 0.30 168% 0.48 108% 0.55 377% 0.60 517% 0.50 439% Ethiopia J. act. plan. J. act. impl. Meetings Information flow Eff. coop. plan. Eff. coop. impl. Ministries 0.13 94% 0.00 0% 0.40 64% 0.20 129% 0.07 83% 0.07 81% NGOs 0.40 282% 0.40 370% 1.87 300% 0.33 215% 0.00 0% 0.27 322% Multilateral donors 0.80 563% 0.30 278% 2.80 449% 0.80 516% 0.50 617% 0.30 361% Bilateral donors 0.00 0% 0.00 0% 0.83 134% 0.33 215% 0.17 206% 0.00 0% Cohesive subgroup 0.76 537% 0.48 441% 2.14 344% 0.60 384% 0.67 823% 0.62 746% The internal tie densities in the two cohesive subgroups are similar, and tend to be higher than internal tie densities of the actor categories, particularly for effective cooperation linkages. Subgroup 1 (water supply and sanitation) seems to be somewhat more closely connected through meetings and affiliations, while information exchange and effective cooperation are more pronounced within subgroup 2 (irrigation). These differences may partly reflect the long institutional history of the irrigation sub-sector, and the recently strengthened programs to improve drinking water and sanitation coverage in the context of the Millennium Development Goals. The Ethiopian water sector High rainfall variability and limited access to water services are the main challenges to water policy making in Ethiopia. Poverty alleviation and food security – sometimes understood in a narrow sense of food self-sufficiency – are overarching national planning priorities. The goal of increased agricultural production is pursued by means of large-scale and small-scale irrigation expansion, as well as by strengthening rain-fed agriculture (MoWR 172
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Samuel Luzi Double
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Acknowledgment T his study was cond
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Acknowledgement Furthermore, I am g
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Table of Contents List of Figures 1
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Table of Contents 4.8 Patterns of p
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List of Figures 1.1 Converging anal
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List of Abbreviations AAU ADB ADLI
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List of Abbreviations R&D Research
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1 Introduction T he growing global
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Introduction 1.1 Research questions
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Introduction The analytical perspec
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Introduction concepts with regard t
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Introduction and Ashton 2004). Gene
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Introduction Causes, characteristic
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Introduction different tracks: 1) i
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Introduction management agreements
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Introduction While most of these st
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Introduction is defined as a state
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Introduction a) Country B Country A
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Introduction particularly stress th
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Introduction The notion of policy n
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Introduction studies. A short compa
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Introduction Closely related minist
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Introduction 1.6 Outline of the the
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3 International River Basins: Manag
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Appendix Questionnaires used in the
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Appendix • Please try to give you
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Appendix 2 Official Affiliation Wit
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Appendix 5 Effective cooperation Wi
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Appendix Instructions All the follo
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Appendix MOWR Department of Rural W
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Appendix 2 Meetings With which of t
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Appendix 5 Effective cooperation 5A
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