Double-Edged Hydropolitics on the Nile - Center for Security Studies ...

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Domestic Constraints and International Cooperation in the Eastern Nile Basin 7.3 Results This section describes the major domestic factors determining the size of the Egyptian and Ethiopian win-sets. The role of the NBI is addressed at the end of the section. Domestic divides: actors and their interests Descriptions of the Nile Basin challenges often assume that the riparian states pursue specific ‘national interests’ related to food and energy production, economic growth, poverty alleviation, employment, and living space (see e.g., Amer and Hefny 2005; Hamad and El-Battahani 2005; Yacob Arsano and Imeru Tamrat 2005, for national perspectives of the challenges of related to Nile Basin cooperation). This section differentiates the notion of the ‘national interest’, and focuses on the diversity and domestic divides of stakeholder interests in Egypt and Ethiopia. The claims in both Egypt and Ethiopia for a maximum de jure water abstraction quota mainly relate to the priority assigned to irrigation expansion as compared to other water management strategies, such as demand management and ecosystem conservation. The drinking water supply and sanitation sub-sector is of little concern at the international level due to the limited water quantities involved. In the past, irrigation expansion programs in both countries were mainly based on narratives focusing on food self-sufficiency and the equitable provision of agricultural land to small-scale farmers. Recent trends towards economic liberalization, however, have somewhat changed the national policy-makers’ views on the role of the agricultural sector in relation to issues of economic growth and poverty alleviation. In Egypt, employment and living space concerns are increasingly prominent factors in the rationales underpinning the ongoing horizontal expansion projects. Commercial, export-oriented production on modern irrigation schemes promises higher economic returns than smallholder production on fragmented lands, and both countries are committed to modernizing their agricultural systems 193
<strong>Double</strong>-<strong>Edged</strong> <strong>Hydropolitics</strong> on the Nile at least in part. The priority given to meeting the water demands of the industrial sector follows the same rationale of maximizing the economic benefits from water use. The trend to prioritize water-efficient sectors is generally desirable in a water-scarce region. Obviously, however, growing water demands by expanding irrigation and industrial uses compete against the demands of other existing water uses and users. The extent to which large-scale irrigation projects and industries can provide income and employment for the bulk of small-scale farmers in both countries, i.e., their ‘pro-poor’ benefits, critically affects the overall pressure to abstract more water from the river. Furthermore, water development strategies relying on large-scale infrastructure development have to be traded off against increasingly prominent sustainability and environmental conservation targets. The spectrum of stakeholder preferences varies considerably in both countries as illustrated in Figure 7.2. Positions of stakeholders demanding increased water abstraction quotas for domestic uses (to the far left and right in Figure 7.2) are least compatible at the international level (i.e., more ‘hawkish’). Positions focusing on non-consumptive water management strategies (in the center of Figure 7.2) translate into less pressure on the shared river, and are therefore more ‘dovish’. Note that the spectrum of stakeholder interests is not synonymous with the win-set, as only a limited range of these actors can effectively influence the relevant water policy decisions and the countries’ position in the transboundary negotiations. Three domestically contested water policy issues are of particular relevance for the course of the transboundary cooperation in the Nile Basin: 1) the prioritization of large-scale infrastructure projects (supply management), 2) the prioritization of demand and quality management, and 3) the perceived benefits in different scenarios of cooperation with other Nile Basin states. The implications of the respective interest divides for the national win-sets are discussed at the end of this section. 194
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Samuel Luzi Double
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Acknowledgment T his study was cond
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Acknowledgement Furthermore, I am g
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Table of Contents List of Figures 1
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Table of Contents 4.8 Patterns of p
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List of Figures 1.1 Converging anal
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List of Abbreviations AAU ADB ADLI
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List of Abbreviations R&D Research
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1 Introduction T he growing global
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Introduction 1.1 Research questions
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Introduction The analytical perspec
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Introduction concepts with regard t
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Introduction and Ashton 2004). Gene
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Introduction Causes, characteristic
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Introduction different tracks: 1) i
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Introduction management agreements
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Introduction While most of these st
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Introduction is defined as a state
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Introduction a) Country B Country A
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Introduction particularly stress th
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Introduction The notion of policy n
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Introduction studies. A short compa
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Introduction Closely related minist
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Introduction 1.6 Outline of the the
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3 International River Basins: Manag
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4 Driving forces and patterns of wa
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5 Shaky ground: Ethiopian water pol
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Appendix Questionnaires used in the
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Appendix • Please try to give you
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Appendix 2 Official Affiliation Wit
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Appendix 5 Effective cooperation Wi
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Appendix Instructions All the follo
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Appendix MOWR Department of Rural W
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Appendix 2 Meetings With which of t
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Appendix 5 Effective cooperation 5A
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