Double-Edged Hydropolitics on the Nile - Center for Security Studies ...

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Domestic Constraints and International Cooperation in the Eastern Nile Basin Capacity constraints, the weakness of inter-sectoral coordination, and the lack of stakeholder participation limit the ability of the water authorities in both countries to evaluate and exploit inter-sectoral trade-offs, and to design innovative domestic and basin-wide water development and management strategies. Scenarios of transboundary cooperation are only vaguely addressed in the national water policies in both countries. Hardly any mention is made of specific strategies of policy harmonization (NBI WRPM 2006). Trade-offs between different domestic policy options – e.g., between irrigation expansion and improved rain-fed production, or between unrestricted industrial development and high water quality standards, are not transparently assessed. As a result, the central water authorities tend to focus on their core mandate and key competences, and particularly seek to increase the total water supply through large-scale infrastructure projects. The “obsession” with dams in Ethiopia (Keeley and Scoones 2000) and the “water security obsession” in Egypt (Tesfaye Tafesse 2001) should be understood in this context. The Nile Basin Initiative addresses several of the above-mentioned institutional deficits. While this study cannot comprehensively evaluate the impact of the NBI so far, some observations with regard to its effects on domestic policy-making processes are discussed in the next section. The impact of the NBI The water ministers of the Nile Basin countries form the main decisionmaking organ of the NBI, the Council of Ministers (NILE-COM). In addition, the NBI is anchored in the national water sectors through the following institutions. • The Technical Advisory Committee Nile-TAC and the negotiation delegation in the legal and institutional framework negotiations (D3 Project), both composed largely of representatives of the national ministries of water and foreign affairs • The national NBI Offices, usually hosted by the national water ministries 203
<strong>Double</strong>-<strong>Edged</strong> <strong>Hydropolitics</strong> on the Nile • National focal point organizations of the eight projects constituting the Shared Vision Program The Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program (ENSAP) – one of two subbasin investment programs mandated to design joint water development projects – is coordinated by the Eastern Nile Technical Regional Office (ENTRO). The Nile Basin Discourse (NBD) is composed of NGOs from all Nile Basin states and is designed as a civil society counter-part to the government-led NBI. The limited impact of the NBD so far reflects the general weakness of civil society organizations in the Nile Basin countries. National conferences and stakeholder workshops organized by the NBI cannot hide the fact that the impact of the transboundary program on national policy institutions and policy processes has remained rather marginal so far. The range of actors directly involved in and informed about the transboundary negotiations is restricted, and many of the more peripherally involved actors have not given up their reserved or indifferent positions towards the NBI. The rift between the domestic and transboundary water policy processes is still only bridged by a few key actors, mainly at the water ministries, and the entire cooperation progress is highly dependent on these individual water sector representatives. The main impacts of the NBI from a two-level game perspective can be summarized as follows. • The political leaders in both countries have increasingly refrained from threats of unilateral action and military responses, and have instead highlighted their common interests and their general commitment to transboundary cooperation. This has somewhat decreased the ‘loss-offace costs’ related to a potential Nile sharing agreement, and has thus broadened the win-sets on both sides. The political leaders’ commitment to address the difficult domestic trade-offs related to far-reaching transboundary cooperation has remained rather limited, however. • Several NBI projects have contributed to strengthening the capacity for integrated planning within domestic water sector institutions. The extent to which these capacities are applied to design transboundary water development strategies is somewhat less evident. 204
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Samuel Luzi Double
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Acknowledgment T his study was cond
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Acknowledgement Furthermore, I am g
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Table of Contents List of Figures 1
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Table of Contents 4.8 Patterns of p
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List of Figures 1.1 Converging anal
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List of Abbreviations AAU ADB ADLI
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List of Abbreviations R&D Research
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1 Introduction T he growing global
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Introduction 1.1 Research questions
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Introduction The analytical perspec
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Introduction concepts with regard t
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Introduction and Ashton 2004). Gene
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Introduction Causes, characteristic
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Introduction different tracks: 1) i
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Introduction management agreements
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Introduction While most of these st
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Introduction is defined as a state
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Introduction a) Country B Country A
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Introduction particularly stress th
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Introduction The notion of policy n
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Introduction studies. A short compa
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Introduction Closely related minist
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Introduction 1.6 Outline of the the
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3 International River Basins: Manag
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International River Basins: Managem
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4 Driving forces and patterns of wa
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Driving forces and patterns of wate
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5 Shaky ground: Ethiopian water pol
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Shaky ground: Ethiopian water polic
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Appendix Questionnaires used in the
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Appendix • Please try to give you
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Appendix 2 Official Affiliation Wit
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Appendix 5 Effective cooperation Wi
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Appendix Instructions All the follo
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Appendix MOWR Department of Rural W
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Appendix 2 Meetings With which of t
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Appendix 5 Effective cooperation 5A
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Double-Edged Hydropolitics on the Nile - Center for Security Studies ...

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