Double-Edged Hydropolitics on the Nile - Center for Security Studies ...

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Water policy networks in Egypt and Ethiopia other key actors, e.g., the Basin Studies Department in charge of the River Basin Master Plans, the EEPCo, and the MoFED. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MoARD), in charge of coordinating small-scale irrigation developments at national level, is considered to be very influential. The absence of confirmed linkages between the MoARD and the MoWR’s Irrigation Department, in terms of effective cooperation and other types of relations, is indicative of the above-mentioned lack of inter-ministerial coordination. The high influence reputation rank of the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) corresponds with its key role in the overall national planning processes. Both the MoARD and the MoFED have relatively low centrality values, indicating that these agencies derive their influence from their formal power and access to political resources, rather than by means of their network performance. The relatively high influence reputation scores of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) contrast with its low centrality values, particularly regarding effective cooperation, and the observation that environmental issues are often marginalized during the implementation of water development projects. The high influence reputation score may thus mainly relate to the EPA’s regulative function and veto power concerning water development projects, which is expected to gain relevance in the future. The influence reputation score of the parliament is lower in Ethiopia as compared to Egypt, but still significant considering the low respective centrality indices. As in Egypt, interference by the legislature is considered a minor constraint in national water policy processes. Regional state authorities are considered influential in the design, but even more so in the implementation of water policies. Regional state water bureaus have effective cooperation linkages to MoWR departments and national ministries, but lack direct linkages with each other (except meetings). Differences between the network positions of regional states must be interpreted carefully, however, as the actual mandates of different water bureaus differ somewhat. Multilateral donors are considered influential, particularly the World Bank, UNICEF, and the African Development Bank (AfDB). Bilateral 175
<strong>Double</strong>-<strong>Edged</strong> <strong>Hydropolitics</strong> on the Nile donors seem to play a comparatively marginal role in the planning and – JICA being an exception – the implementation of water sector strategies. The World Bank, UNICEF and UNDP are also among the most central donors in the network. The World Bank is particularly central from a betweenness point of view, that is, it links different sets of actors which otherwise have few linkages. Among the NGOs, only WaterAid (an international NGO) and the umbrella organization CRDA reach intermediate influence reputation scores with regard to water sector planning. WaterAid in particular seems to derive its influence partly from its relatively high connectedness in the network. Other NGOs are considered influential regarding implementation to some degree, and maintain effective cooperation in implementation linkages to regional state authorities, MoWR and donor agencies. Consulting firms have effective cooperation linkages to the MoWR’s top management, and numerous meetings and joint activities linkages to many MoWR departments as well as regional state authorities and NGOs. Their relatively central network position is reflected in fairly high influence reputation scores. The Chamber of Commerce and the Ethiopian Horticultural Producers and Exporters Association (EHPEA) have very low influence reputation and centrality values. This might to some degree reflect the fact that private sector representatives have only recently emerged to articulate claims for water services, and corresponds to the informal nature of the private sector’s interactions with other water sector actors. A more detailed study involving a larger sample of private sector actors would be required to adequately describe the dynamics and the network connectedness of the private sector. Research institutions are linked to the water sector mainly through the Research Department of the MoWR, which is well connected but not considered to be very influential. IWMI is the most frequently mentioned research institution with regard to influence reputation and also achieves the highest centrality values. Linkage densities in the category of ministerial actors (excluding the MoWR) are below average, except for the information flow network (Table 6.6). The category of multilateral donors shows the highest degree of internal 176
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Samuel Luzi Double
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Acknowledgment T his study was cond
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Acknowledgement Furthermore, I am g
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Table of Contents List of Figures 1
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Table of Contents 4.8 Patterns of p
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List of Figures 1.1 Converging anal
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List of Abbreviations AAU ADB ADLI
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List of Abbreviations R&D Research
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1 Introduction T he growing global
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Introduction 1.1 Research questions
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Introduction The analytical perspec
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Introduction concepts with regard t
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Introduction and Ashton 2004). Gene
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Introduction Causes, characteristic
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Introduction different tracks: 1) i
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Introduction management agreements
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Introduction While most of these st
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Introduction is defined as a state
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Introduction a) Country B Country A
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Introduction particularly stress th
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Introduction The notion of policy n
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Introduction studies. A short compa
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Introduction Closely related minist
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Introduction 1.6 Outline of the the
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3 International River Basins: Manag
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International River Basins: Managem
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4 Driving forces and patterns of wa
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Driving forces and patterns of wate
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5 Shaky ground: Ethiopian water pol
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Shaky ground: Ethiopian water polic
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Appendix Questionnaires used in the
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Appendix • Please try to give you
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Appendix 2 Official Affiliation Wit
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Appendix 5 Effective cooperation Wi
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Appendix Instructions All the follo
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Appendix MOWR Department of Rural W
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Appendix 2 Meetings With which of t
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Appendix 5 Effective cooperation 5A
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