The Dhaarmik Traditions - Indic Studies Foundation

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1. pratyaksha (perception) 2. anumAna (inference) 3. JinashAsana (Teachings of the 24 TIrthankaras) II. BUDDHISM: 3 pramANas 1. pratyaksha 2. anumAna 3. Buddhavacana (Teachings of the Buddha) (shruti) III. NYAAYA-VAISHESHHIKA: 4 pramANas 1. pratyaksha 2. anumAna 3. upamAna (analogy) 4. shabda (testimony--sacred [shruti and smRti] & secular) * Perception, called PratyakŞha, occupies the foremost position in the Nyaya epistemology. Perception is defined by sense-object contact and is unerring. Perception can be of two types: o Ordinary (Laukika or Sadharana), of six types, viz., visual-by eyes, olfactory-by nose, auditory-by ears, tactile-by skin, gustatory-by tongue and mental-by mind. o Extra-ordinary (Alaukika or Asadharana), of three types, viz., Samanyalakshana 56
(perceiving generality from a particular object), Jñanalakshana (when one sense organ can also perceive qualities not attributable to it, as when seeing a chili, one knows that it would be bitter or hot), and Yogaja (when certain human beings, from the power of Yoga, can perceive past, present and future and have supernatural abilities, either complete or some). Also, there are two modes or steps in perception, viz., Nirvikalpa, when one just perceives an object without being able to know its features, and Savikalpa, when one is able to clearly know an object. All laukika and alaukika pratyakshas are savikalpa. <strong>The</strong>re is yet another stage called Pratyabhijñā, when one is able to re-recognise something on the basis of memory. * Inference, called AnumAna, is one of the most important contributions of Nyaya. It can be of two types - inference for oneself (Svarthanumana, where one does not need any formal procedure, and at the most the last three of their 5 steps), and inference for others (Parathanumana, which requires a systematic methodology of 5 steps). Inference can also be classified into 3 types: Purvavat (infering an unperceived effect from a perceived cause), Sheshavat (infering an unperceived cause from a perceived effect) and Samanyatodrishta (when inference is not based on causation but on uniformity of co-existence). A detailed anaysis of error is also given, explaining when anumAna could be false. * Comparison or Analogy, which is the rough translation of Upamana. It is the 57
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The Dhaarmic Traditions Of Hinduism
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story in history. It is a discourag
Page 5 and 6: A great deal of attention is vouchs
Page 7 and 8: Thoughts and Emotions For the young
Page 9 and 10: Life is a goal, Achieve it 9
Page 11 and 12: 16. You say sutras are aphorisms an
Page 13 and 14: Appendix F.........................
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 FAQ on Hinduism • What
Page 17 and 18: • What are the central core tenet
Page 19 and 20: The Mandukya Upanishad has an excel
Page 21 and 22: 3100 BCE. We will describe some of
Page 23 and 24: The Vedangas provide the infrastruc
Page 25 and 26: The Vaishnava Agamas are grouped in
Page 27 and 28: There are eighteen main Puranas and
Page 29 and 30: Padma Purana, Skanda Purana and Var
Page 31 and 32: Telugu literature. The king, a poet
Page 33 and 34: possible, for though there is Disor
Page 35 and 36: Thirst, that is desire or thirst fo
Page 37 and 38: 5. Do Hindus pray to God and how do
Page 39 and 40: four varnas. These are the regular
Page 41 and 42: "One." There is an excellent discus
Page 43 and 44: 12. When did the Sanaatana Dharma o
Page 45 and 46: arbitrariness or forced choices. Al
Page 47 and 48: practice the profession of Brahmana
Page 49 and 50: 15. Does Hinduism expect or demand
Page 51 and 52: Sutras is surely a technological an
Page 53 and 54: Freedom to choose an Ishta Devata(
Page 55: more Hindus realize the nature and
Page 59 and 60: VI. KUMARILA MIIMAMSA: 6 pramANas 1
Page 61 and 62: A Samskaara is that which refines a
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 2 The Ethical Values of the
Page 65 and 66: 2.3 GuNAs Sattva Rajas Tamas Indivi
Page 67 and 68: 2.5 Paths to Self Realization There
Page 69 and 70: Efficacy of Chanting Shanti 3 times
Page 71 and 72: 2.6 A person’s karma can be class
Page 73 and 74: Transliteration kArpanya dosaphahat
Page 75 and 76: "My nature is weighed down with the
Page 77 and 78: state under all circumstances. Spir
Page 79 and 80: Verily, it is not possible for an e
Page 81 and 82: Brahma (PrajApati) said: All action
Page 83 and 84: ___________________________________
Page 85 and 86: That householder who rises at dawn,
Page 87 and 88: who are disadvantaged in society an
Page 89 and 90: Om poornamadah poornamidam Poornaat
Page 91 and 92: Katha Upanishad (Invocation) 6. अ
Page 93 and 94: Other Quotations 20. GeorgeJoseph G
Page 95 and 96: With scholarship, fear of challenge
Page 97 and 98: 25 . The Serenity Prayer God grant
Page 99 and 100: Chapter 5 The Essential teachings o
Page 101 and 102: that used by Patanjali in the Yogas
Page 103 and 104: The final six chapters are regarded
Page 105 and 106: Know the reality of the world we li
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Once they decide, the date of the e
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ceremony. Worshipping the revered G
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ceremonially taken to the groom's h
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Appendix A Central Core Beliefs of
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This is precisely where a knowledge
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sakhaa sapta padI bhava sakhyaM tE
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haaryaa daivakRutaH sakhA A man's G
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Studies Institute at the University
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Vara Yaatra ,Baarat (Wedding Proces
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Vivaaha (Wedding) The bride and the
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• the first step to nourish each
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Grahapravesha - Entering the Home T
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D. : It is the problem of the etern
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Fate :A Guide to Conduct D. : Does
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your free-will can never be stronge
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master of your own destiny. It is f
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Appendix E THE BHAGAVAD GITA CHAPTE
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ïI-gvanuvac àjhait yda kamaNsvaRN
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y> svRÇani-õehStÄt!àaPy zu-azu-
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Bhagavad Gita 2.60 yatato hy api ka
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smriti-bhramsad buddhi-naso buddhi-
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Bhagavad Gita 2.66 nasti buddhir ay
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Bhagavad Gita 2.69 ya nisa sarva-bh
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2,72 Bhagavad Gita 2.72 esa brahmi
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,, 68 ,, à}a - buiÏ - knowledge
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AapUyRma[m! - sb Aaer se pirpU[R -
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crit - ivcrta hE - moves about in>S
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he pawR yh äü kae àaÝ ÷@ pué;
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Appendix F Caste FAQ on Caste What
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ased on aptitudes. In short, the sy
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The guNAs present in individuals fa
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limbs of the cosmic self and the oc
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2. This is probably the first evide
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s&òm! - rce gye hE< - has been cre
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कारुरहं ततो ि
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introduction in this census report,
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years, and the extraordinary extent
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Appendix G Illustrations 181
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Figure 2 Sarasvati at Happy Valley
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Figure 4 Gayatri (vide the well kno
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Figure 6 &7 Shiva and Parvati from
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Figure 7 Inset sculpture from Mahab
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Figure 10 Mahabalipuram Figure11 Av
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Indic Studies Foundation (a Califor
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14 Apastambha अपःतम्भ
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30 Brahmi script ॄःिम which
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esponsibilities, restraints and obs
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53 Guna varna Vyavastha so that his
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still the official version of Histo
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sunchronization with the solar cycl
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105 Precession of the Equinoxes kno
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textual commentaries, often line by
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141 Tamas Tamas is inertia born of
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160 Yogasastra, योगशास
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