The Role of Sustainable Land Management for Climate ... - CAADP

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UNDP UNEP UNFCCC USD VCS WRI United Nations Development Program United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United States Dollar Voluntary Carbon Standard World Resources Institute ! !
! EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Coping with climate variability is a major challenge for the people of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The high dependence of the economies and rural people of SSA upon rainfed agriculture, the prevalence of poverty and food insecurity, and limited development of institutional and infrastructural capacities in this region make coping with natural climate variability a perennial challenge. In the past several decades, the number of extreme weather events in particular subregions and the number of people affected by droughts and floods have grown dramatically. This challenge is being magnified by global climate change in most of SSA. Many climate models predict negative impacts of climate change on agricultural production and food security in large parts of SSA. Higher temperatures throughout all of SSA will cause shorter growing periods, drying of the soil, increased pest and disease pressure, and shifts in suitable areas for growing crops and livestock. Mean rainfall is predicted by most models to decline in many areas of SSA, especially in southern Africa, while rainfall is more likely to increase in parts of eastern and central Africa and predictions are more variable in western Africa. Beyond the impacts on mean trends, climate change is expected to cause more extreme weather events. Even in many areas where rainfall is expected to increase, higher temperatures will reduce growing periods. These changes are predicted to reduce the area of land suitable for rainfed agriculture by 6% (averaged across several projections), and reduce total agricultural GDP in Africa by 2 to 9%. Agricultural losses are expected to be as much as 50% in southern Africa during drought years. These problems can exacerbate and be exacerbated by land degradation. Severe land degradation – caused mainly by conversion of forests, woodlands and bush lands to agriculture, overgrazing of rangelands, unsustainable agricultural practices on croplands, and excessive exploitation of natural habitats – is reducing primary productivity on as much as 20% of the land in SSA, with the most severe impacts in drylands and forest margins. Climate variability and change can contribute to land degradation by exposing unprotected soil to more extreme conditions and straining the capacity of existing land management practices to maintain resource quality, contributing to de-vegetation, soil erosion, depletion of organic matter and other forms of degradation. These changes can cause land management practices that were sustainable under other climate conditions to become unsustainable, and induce more rapid conversion of forest or ! "!
Page 1 and 2: Land&Climate The Role of Sustainabl
Page 3 and 4: PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Climate
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Executive Summary
Page 7 and 8: List of Figures Figure 2-1. Number
Page 9: ICRISAT IGAD IPCC ISDR JI lCER LDCF
Page 13 and 14: ! organic carbon. SLM represents a
Page 15 and 16: ! tenure insecurity in many African
Page 17 and 18: ! To achieve success in the first t
Page 19 and 20: ! degradation, soil and biomass car
Page 21 and 22: ! 2. The Challenge of Climate Varia
Page 23 and 24: ! production and food security for
Page 25 and 26: ! production in Africa and other re
Page 27 and 28: ! Ethiopia consider soil and water
Page 29 and 30: ! the region is degraded to such an
Page 31 and 32: ! In terms of affected area, UNEP (
Page 33 and 34: ! techniques, like bunding (e.g. Ke
Page 35 and 36: ! flooding in sloping lands and pro
Page 37 and 38: ! Reducing Emissions from Deforesta
Page 39 and 40: ! organic carbon. Principles of div
Page 41 and 42: ! A first major impact in Africa wo
Page 43 and 44: ! the practices and qualitatively a
Page 45 and 46: ! o Several adaptation funds have b
Page 47 and 48: ! feeding practices), improved fert
Page 49 and 50: ! billion for the CTF and $2.0 bill
Page 51 and 52: ! require social and environment be
Page 53 and 54: ! focus on financing CDM and/or JI
Page 55 and 56: ! nations have ratified (or adopted
Page 57 and 58: ! vulnerability assessment, develop
Page 59 and 60: ! The TerrAfrica partnership is pla
Page 61 and 62:
! o increased use of voluntary carb
Page 63 and 64:
! • increased integration of clim
Page 65 and 66:
! allowances and offsets are within
Page 67 and 68:
! greater financial resources than
Page 69 and 70:
! activities (these challenges are
Page 71 and 72:
! CER can be carried over to subseq
Page 73 and 74:
! However, the limited extent of su
Page 75 and 76:
! doubts about the verifiability an
Page 77 and 78:
! REDD payments also could have neg
Page 79 and 80:
! VCS, rather than trying to measur
Page 81 and 82:
! Applied research and knowledge ma
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! important to address, so that the
Page 85 and 86:
! As shown earlier in this report,
Page 87 and 88:
! non-A/R projects (a lower thresho
Page 89 and 90:
! countries, including national pov
Page 91 and 92:
! and developing programs and proje
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! • Land degradation increases th
Page 95 and 96:
! • Constraints to increased use
Page 97 and 98:
! and TerrAfrica process to develop
Page 99 and 100:
! Table 2-2. Projected mean tempera
Page 101 and 102:
! Table 2-5. Severe environmental c
Page 103 and 104:
! Table 3-2. Importance of Causes o
Page 105 and 106:
! Practice Adaptation aspects Mitig
Page 107 and 108:
! Table 4-1. Carbon markets, volume
Page 109 and 110:
! Table 4-3. Summary of Progress du
Page 111 and 112:
! Figure 2-3. Projected increases i
Page 113 and 114:
! Figure 3-1. NDVI based estimates
Page 115 and 116:
! Figure 3-3. Greenhouse gas emissi
Page 117 and 118:
! Figure 4-2. Potential savings by
Page 119 and 120:
! References ! Ambrosi, P. 2009. No
Page 121 and 122:
! Dregne, H. and M. Kassas. 1991. A
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! Kruseman, G., Ruben, R. and G. Te
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! Sustainable Land Management in th
Page 127:
! United States Government Accounta
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