The Role of Sustainable Land Management for Climate ... - CAADP

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! Table 3-1. The extent of land degradation and its effects in sub-Saharan Africa State of Land Degradation • Land degradation affects roughly 20 percent of the total land area of the region. Degradation affects land productivity on 17 percent of the continent. • Between 4-7 percent of the land area of SSA is already so severely degraded that it is believed to be largely non-reclaimable 16 . This is the highest proportion of any region in the world. • Erosion rates in Africa range from 5-100 tonnes per hectare per year. • Soil erosion and high rates of run off have dramatically reduced the water held in the soil. Some 86 percent of African soils are under soil moisture stress. • There is a negative nutrient balance in SSA’s croplands with at least 4 million tons of nutrients removed in harvested products compared to the 1 million tons returned in the form of manure and fertilizer. Illustrative Impacts Economic • Estimates vary between under 1% and 9% of GDP lost from land degradation; a related estimate is that over three percent of Africa’s agricultural GDP is lost annually - equivalent to US$ 9 billion per year - as a direct result of soil and nutrient loss. 17 • The productivity loss in Africa from soil degradation since 1945 has been estimated at 25 percent for cropland and 8 to 14 percent for cropland and pasture together. 18 • In the decade 1990-2000, cereal availability per capita in SSA decreased from 136 to 118 kg/year. African cereal yields have stagnated over the last 60 years 19 . • Africa spent US$18.7 billion on food imports in the year 2000 alone. Current food imports are expected to double by 2030. Environmental • African countries represent some of the highest deforestation rates in the world • Degradation of water resources due to sediment loads and pollution severely impact aquatic ecosystems. • Increased surface runoff has decreased groundwater recharge – water tables have dropped, many former perennial rivers, streams and springs have been reduced to an intermittent flow, and many wells and boreholes have dried up. • Up to 70 percent (in many countries) of energy comes from fuel wood and charcoal, and newer technologies using cellulosic sources of biofuel will result in even greater demands on woody resources Social • In 2001, 28 million people in Africa faced food emergencies due to droughts, floods and strife, with 25 million needing emergency food and agricultural assistance. • In sub-Saharan Africa, 15 percent of the population or 183 million people will still be undernourished by 2030 – by far the highest total for any region and only 11 million less than in 1997-99. Malnutrition is expected to increase by an average of 32 percent. 20 • Conflicts (between settled farmers, herders and forest dwellers) over access to land resources have increased as households and communities search for productive land for their crops and/or livestock. • Hunger and malnutrition in SSA and degradation of water resources has increased susceptibility to life threatening diseases. Source: World Bank (2008) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 16 Data from GLASOD and TERRASTAT! 17 Dregne 1991, Dreschel et al 2001. ! 18 Oldemann, 1998! 19 World Bank, 2007b! 20 CAADP, 2002! ! +(!
! Table 3-2. Importance of Causes of Degraded Lands by Continent Source: UNEP (1997) ! ! Cause Africa Asia Oceania Europe (million ha) North America Deforestation 18.60 115.5 4.20 38.90 4.30 32.20 Overgrazing 184.6 118.8 78.50 41.30 27.70 26.20 Agricultural 62.20 96.70 4.80 18.30 41.40 11.60 Over exploitation 54.00 42.30 2.00 2.00 6.10 9.10 Bio-industrial 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.90 0.00 0.00 Total degraded 319.4 370.3 87.50 99.40 79.50 79.10 Total 1286 1671.8 663.3 299.6 732.4 513.0 South America ! +)!
Page 1 and 2:
Land&Climate The Role of Sustainabl
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PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Climate
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
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List of Figures Figure 2-1. Number
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ICRISAT IGAD IPCC ISDR JI lCER LDCF
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! EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Coping with cli
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! organic carbon. SLM represents a
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! tenure insecurity in many African
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! To achieve success in the first t
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! degradation, soil and biomass car
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! 2. The Challenge of Climate Varia
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! production and food security for
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! production in Africa and other re
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! Ethiopia consider soil and water
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! the region is degraded to such an
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! In terms of affected area, UNEP (
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! techniques, like bunding (e.g. Ke
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! flooding in sloping lands and pro
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! Reducing Emissions from Deforesta
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! organic carbon. Principles of div
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! A first major impact in Africa wo
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! the practices and qualitatively a
Page 45 and 46:
! o Several adaptation funds have b
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! feeding practices), improved fert
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! billion for the CTF and $2.0 bill
Page 51 and 52: ! require social and environment be
Page 53 and 54: ! focus on financing CDM and/or JI
Page 55 and 56: ! nations have ratified (or adopted
Page 57 and 58: ! vulnerability assessment, develop
Page 59 and 60: ! The TerrAfrica partnership is pla
Page 61 and 62: ! o increased use of voluntary carb
Page 63 and 64: ! • increased integration of clim
Page 65 and 66: ! allowances and offsets are within
Page 67 and 68: ! greater financial resources than
Page 69 and 70: ! activities (these challenges are
Page 71 and 72: ! CER can be carried over to subseq
Page 73 and 74: ! However, the limited extent of su
Page 75 and 76: ! doubts about the verifiability an
Page 77 and 78: ! REDD payments also could have neg
Page 79 and 80: ! VCS, rather than trying to measur
Page 81 and 82: ! Applied research and knowledge ma
Page 83 and 84: ! important to address, so that the
Page 85 and 86: ! As shown earlier in this report,
Page 87 and 88: ! non-A/R projects (a lower thresho
Page 89 and 90: ! countries, including national pov
Page 91 and 92: ! and developing programs and proje
Page 93 and 94: ! • Land degradation increases th
Page 95 and 96: ! • Constraints to increased use
Page 97 and 98: ! and TerrAfrica process to develop
Page 99 and 100: ! Table 2-2. Projected mean tempera
Page 101: ! Table 2-5. Severe environmental c
Page 105 and 106: ! Practice Adaptation aspects Mitig
Page 107 and 108: ! Table 4-1. Carbon markets, volume
Page 109 and 110: ! Table 4-3. Summary of Progress du
Page 111 and 112: ! Figure 2-3. Projected increases i
Page 113 and 114: ! Figure 3-1. NDVI based estimates
Page 115 and 116: ! Figure 3-3. Greenhouse gas emissi
Page 117 and 118: ! Figure 4-2. Potential savings by
Page 119 and 120: ! References ! Ambrosi, P. 2009. No
Page 121 and 122: ! Dregne, H. and M. Kassas. 1991. A
Page 123 and 124: ! Kruseman, G., Ruben, R. and G. Te
Page 125 and 126: ! Sustainable Land Management in th
Page 127: ! United States Government Accounta
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